Exercise 1

The speed of light in the ice is  \(2.29x10^8\frac{m}{s}\) Which is the index of refraction of the ice?

Step 1: The formula is as follows:  \(n=\frac{c}{v}\)
Step 2: Replacing 
\(\frac{3x10^8}{2.29x10^8}=1.31\)

Exercise 2

What is the speed of light in ethyl alcohol?

\(n=\frac{3x10^8}{1.36}\)\(=2.20x10^{8\frac{m}{s}}\)

Exercise 3

The nearest star is 4.2 light-years away. How far is it in meters?

\(c=\frac{d}{t}\)\(=3x10^{8\frac{m}{s}}\)
\(=\frac{3x10^8}{\left(3x10^8\right)\left(3600\right)\left(24\right)\left(365\right)\left(4.2\right)}=7.54x10^{-9\ }m\)

Exercise 4

The speed of light in a certain substance is 88% of its value in water. What is the index of refraction in that substance?

\(\frac{Vm}{Vagua}=88\%\)
\(Vm=\frac{C}{\left(0.88\right)}\left(0.75\ C\right)\) \(=\frac{1}{\left(0.88\right)\left(0.75\right)}\)\(=1.51\)

Exercise 5

A swimmer lights a lamp up from below the water at an angle of 38.5 ° with respect to the vertical. At what angle does the water leave the light?