Author Type of vehicle or equipment used Source of energy Barriers Benefits / Opportunities Benefits / Opportunities Benefits / Opportunities
Economics Environmental Social
(Tozzi et al., 2013) Light commercial Diesel and Methane (dedicated) - - - -
(Lebeau et al., 2013) Light commercial Electric Fleet acquisition costs; Capacity (weight and dimensions) - Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants -
(Sadhu et al., 2014)
Bicycle [11A bicycle specially designed for carrying large or heavy loads. It can be human or electric-powered.] Tricycle [22Vehicles with three symmetrically arranged wheels fitted with an engine having a cylinder capacity of more than 50 cm3 if of the internal combustion type and/or a maximum design speed of more than 45 km/h (ICCT; DieselNet, 2017). It can also be human-powered.]
Human
Cultural barrier
Energy consumption; Delivery time; Traffic congestion
Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants
Job creation / Health problems
(Visser et al., 2014)** Light commercial [33Vehicles for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tonnes (ICCT; DieselNet, 2017).] Diesel and Biodiesel - Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants Quality of life
(Gruber et al., 2014)** Bicycle / Tricycle Electric Road and recharge infrastructure; Cultural barrier Operational cost; Energy consumption; Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants -
(Roumboutsos et al., 2014) Light commercial Electric Operational cost; Recharge infrastructure - Reduction of CO2 emissions, atmospheric pollutants and noise -
(Foltyński, 2014) Trolleys [44Small vehicle with two or four wheels that can be used to transport large or heavy loads.]/Bicycle / Tricycle, Light commercial and Motorcycles [55Two-wheel vehicles without a sidecar (category L3e) or with a sidecar (category L4e), fitted with an engine having a cylinder capacity of more than 50 cm3 if of the internal combustion type and/or having a maximum design speed of more than 45 km/h (ICCT; DieselNet, 2017).] Electric - Traffic congestion - -
(Kelli de Oliveira et al., 2014)** Bicycle / Tricycle Human - Delivery time Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants -
(Montwiłł, 2014) Light commercial Electric - - - -
(Diziain et al., 2014) Bicycle / Tricycle Electric Cargo consolidation center; Road and recharge infrastructure - Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants -
(Thompson and Hassall, 2014) Light commercial Diesel - - -
(Schliwa et al., 2014) Bicycle / Tricycle Human Cultural barrier; Cargo consolidation center; Capacity (weight and dimensions) Energy consumption; Delivery time Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants Job creation
(Alessandrini et al., 2015) Light commercial (Autonomous) Electric Recharge infrastructure e de telecomunicação - Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants -
(Faccio and Gamberi, 2015) Light commercial Electric - Operational cost Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants Quality of life
(Lebeau et al., 2015) Light commercial Electric Fleet acquisition costs - Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants -
(Andaloro et al., 2015) Light commercial Electric Fleet acquisition costs; Capacity (weight and dimensions) - Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants -
(Dampier and Marinov, 2015) Bicycle / Tricycle Human Cargo consolidation center Delivery time; Traffic congestion Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants -
(Schau et al., 2015) Light commercial Electric Cargo consolidation center; Road and recharge infrastructure; Capacity (weight and dimensions); vehicles charging time - Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants -
(Margaritis et al., 2016) Light commercial Electric - - - -
(Navarro et al., 2016) ** Bicycle / Tricycle Electric Cargo consolidation center; Road and recharge infrastructure; Capacity (weight and dimensions) - Reduction of CO2 emissions, atmospheric pollutants and noise -
(Rizet et al., 2016) ** Light commercial Electric Recharge infrastructure (electric) Traffic congestion Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants -
(Gruber and Kihm, 2016) Bicycle / Tricycle Electric - - - -
(Heitz and Beziat, 2016) Bicycle / Tricycle Electric Cargo consolidation center; Operational cost Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants -
(Anderluh et al., 2016) Bicycle / Tricycle Electric - Traffic congestion Reduction of CO2 emissions, atmospheric pollutants and noise -
(Taniguchi et al., 2016) Light commercial Diesel Cargo consolidation center - Reduction of CO2 emissions, atmospheric pollutants and noise -
(Schier et al., 2016) Bicycle / Tricycle Electric - - Reduction of CO2 emissions and atmospheric pollutants Quality of life