Figure 1. Conceptual hierarchy of individual movement behaviour spanning (1) fine, (2) intermediate, and (3) coarse time and space scales. Each section (Displacement, Dispersal, Migration) represents a different time and space scale and its common processes. The width and height of each section indicate the time and space scale, respectively. Following the IBM framework, the central unit is the individual i with its internal state and dynamic energy budget DEB fluctuating with basic energy requirements, costs, and gains (iDEB), ultimately linked to individual fitness. Movement is the mechanistic link between the individual internal state and response to external cues, such as environmental change. Thicker, coloured arrows represent emerging processes at each increasing scale, boxes represent the end processes from movement at each scale, and plus signs denote the dominant complementary behaviour or process at each scale.