- Cfb - Oceanic Highland climates have uniform rainfall throughout the year (while Cwb have arid periods) sparse in continents like Australia and South America, among others, with a high diurnal temperature variation and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high elevation (Quito, Pichincha Province, Ecuador; São Joaquim, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Boone, North Carolina, US; Orange, New South Wales, Australia; Cameron Highlands, Malaysia; Mount Hagen, Papua New Guinea.
- Cfc - Oceanic Subpolar climates ....
- D (continental) - as in C but colder during the year, they have an average temperature above 10 °C their warmest months, and a coldest month average below 0 °C, they usually occur in the interiors of continents and north of 40°N, while in the Southern Hemisphere, group D climates are extremely rare. We use the same couple of letters to identify arid periods and summer characteristics:
- Dfa - Continental Climates with hot summer (average temperature in the warmest month >22 °C) occurs in Kazakhstan (Almaty, Oral), Japan (Aomori, Nagano, Sapporo, that is a little more cold and may be classified also Dfb), as well as in north America (Chicago, Boston, Minneapolis, Toronto, Montreal, but canadian are very close to Dfb) in Europe (Bucharest, Romania; Rostov-on-Don, Russia) and Asia (Pyongyang and Seoul, Korea; Beijing and Harbin, China).
- Dfb - if, from a Cfb with warm summer, we go norther (or souther, in austral emisphere), generally in the high 40s and low 50s latitudes, in North America or Asia, and in higher latitudes, in central and eastern Europe, you usually find a continental equivalent of a maritime temperate climate. Few examples: Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Stockholm, Sweden; Oslo or Lillehammer, Norway; Helsinki, Finland, and Tallinn, Riga, Vilnius, Saint Petersburg on the baltic; Kiev, Ukraine; Budapest and Moscow; but also Calgary, Quebec City, Ottawa, in Canada; Buffalo, Portland and Marquette, in US; Heihe, China ...
- Dwa (cold - and dry - winters with hot summers is characteristic especially of China)
- Dwb (cold - and arid - winters with warm summers).
- Dsa (Dry summer) climates are found at higher elevations adjacent Mediterranean (Csa) climates like in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Saqqez and Arak, Iran; Hakkâri and Muş, Turkey; Cambridge, Idaho, United States (Dsa).
- Dsb (continental climates) arises from the same scenario as Dsa, but at higher altitudes or latitudes, mostly in North America (Mediterranean climates extend further poleward than in Eurasia). Few examples: Sivas, Turkey; Roghun, Tajikistan; Dras, India; Flagstaff, Arizona (US).
- E (polar). Polar climates are characterized by average temperatures of any month below 10 °C and divided in, tundra climates and icecap climates:
- Tundra climates (ET and ETf): have average temperature of the summer months between 0 and 10 °C. These climates occur on the northern edges of the North American and Eurasian land masses (generally north of 70 °N), and on nearby islands.
- Ice cap climate (EF): This climate is dominant in Antarctica and inner Greenland, but also occurs at extremely high altitudes on mountains, above even tundra. Monthly average temperatures never exceed 0 °C.
- Ice cap climate (EF): This climate is dominant in Antarctica and inner Greenland, but also occurs at extremely high altitudes on mountains, above even tundra. Monthly average temperatures never exceed 0 °C.
Climate data and variables
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