In Niger, a combination of strong local seasonal variation in measles transmission due to agricultural cycles and high birth rates, drives locally erratic measles outbreaks, with frequent local fade-out during the seasonal incidence troughs Ferrari 2008. When aggregated to the national level, measles incidence shows regular and predictable annual cycles Ferrari 2010.  An analysis over a 11 year period from 2001 to 2011 showed that while no one district supported persistent transmission, measles remained persistent regionally through metapopulation dynamics Ferrari 2010.