Identifying potential sources and routes of disease movement at the landscape-scale can be useful to targeting resources for interventions.  While observing the movement of infected individuals is rare, the landscape consequences of frequent movement can bee seen in the frequency of outbreaks or, conversely, the duration of disease absence. Bharti et al BHARTI 2010 analyzed the duration of measles fade-out lengths in Niger and found that measles was more frequently introduced to population centers that had large population sizes and were well connected to the road network. Thus, these areas may disproportionately contribute to the dynamics of regional persistence and warrant prioritization for control and monitoring. In a parallel analysis, Bharti et al BHARTI 2011 showed that those districts that were hot-spots for measles introduction also had more frequent outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis. Thus, while environmental conditions are frequently cited as the predominant driver of meningitis outbreaks Harrison 2009 the spatial distribution of outbreaks, and the similarity to the spatial pattern of measles outbreaks, is consistent with a role human movement in triggering outbreaks.