Introduction
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of
the most common cancer amongst men in the USA and the second most dangerous of male death
worldwide after Lung cancer [1], and the development of new and more potent anti-PC compounds is a
constant requirement. PC cell growth is strongly dependent on
androgens, therefore blocking their effect can be beneficial to the patient's health. Such outcomes
can be achieved by antagonism of the androgen receptor (AR) using anti-androgen drugs, which
have been extensively explored either alone or in combination with Castration [2].1
Flutamide [3], 2 hydroxyflutamide, 3 bicalutamide
[4], 4
nilutamide (Niladron®) [5], 5 enzalutamide (previously called MDV3100) [6], and 7 ARN509 [7] are all non-steroidal
androgen and Abiraterone
acetate , Oxendolone , Cyproterone acetate are receptor antagonists approved
for the treatment of PC and Galeterone under
development (Fig. 1). In many cases, after
extended treatment over several years, these anti-androgens become ineffective and the disease may
progress to a more aggressive and lethal form, known as castration resistant prostate cancer
(CRPC). The major cause of this progressive disease is the emergence of different mutations
on the AR, which cause the anti-androgen compounds to function as
agonists, making them
tumour-stimulating agents [8]. Among the drugs used for
the treatment of PC, bicalutamide and enzalutamide
selectively block the action of androgens while presenting fewer
side effects in comparison with other AR antagonists [9-11].
The format of this template follows the typical journal publication which includes an abstract for summarizing the article, an introduction, results and conclusion. Examples of an equation, list and citation are also included.
The purpose of the introduction
Most academic introductions follow an ‘inverted pyramid’ structure: they
start broad and narrow down to a specific thesis or research question.
The introduction should reveal
some broad knowledge of the overall
topic
references to related and prior work in the field of investigation
succinct overview of the major point of the paper.