Purpose: To describe a novel association of TGFBI variants with congenital glaucoma in a family with GAPO (growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, and progressive optic atrophy) syndrome as well as among unrelated cases of Juvenile onset open angle glaucoma (JOAG) along with the mechanistic impact of the variants on the protein. Methods: This study of one family of GAPO with congenital glaucoma and three unrelated patients of JOAG analysed a common link to glaucoma pathogenesis. We report ocular features of 3 girls with GAPO syndrome born of consanguineous marriage in a multi- generation consanguineous family. The proband (a 4year old girl) and her younger sibling (1year old girl) were operated for bilateral congenital glaucoma in both eyes. The elder sibling (10year old female) had features of GAPO syndrome without glaucoma. Results: A genetic evaluation using whole exome sequencing revealed a homozygous ANTXR1 mutation in all three affected siblings with GAPO. No other mutations were detected in the genes associated with glaucoma. A rare missense variant in the TGFBI gene was shared in the two siblings with congenital glaucoma and GAPO syndrome. We further found three other unrelated patients with JOAG with no known glaucoma causing gene mutations but having three different missense variants in the TGFBI gene. One of these JOAG patients had familial granular corneal dystrophy. Molecular dynamic simulations of the TGFBI and 3-D structural models of three of its variants showed sig­nificant alterations, which could influence TGFBI function. Conclusions: Variations in the TGFBI gene could have a possible role in the pathogenesis of congenital and Juvenile onset open angle glaucomas that needs further evaluation.

Fibrolipoma is a variant of lipoma that is relatively uncommon in the mouth tissues, especially the attached gingiva. It is diagnosed by histopathologic and immunohistochemistry evaluation and treated by total excision. A case of a patient with attached gingiva fibrolipoma, treated by surgical excision under local anesthesia is reported.

This paper is concerned with nonlinear stability of rarefaction wave to the Cauchy problem for a blood flow model, which describes the motion of blood through axi-symmetric compliant vessels. Inspired by the stability analysis of classical $p$-system, we show the solution of this typical model tends time-asymptotically toward the rarefaction wave under some suitably small conditions and there are more difficulties in the proof due to the appearance of strong nonlinear terms including second-order derivative of $v$ with respect to the spatial variable $x$. The main result is proved by employing the elementary $L^2$ energy methods. This is the first result about nonlinear stability of some nontrivial profiles (i.e., non-constant function patterns) for the blood flow model.

In this work we prove a global well-posedness result for a tridimensional rescaled Boussinesq system, with positive full viscosity and diffusivity parameters, in the framework of critical Fourier-Besov spaces, which allow homogeneous functions with negative degree. The rescaled approach implies to rescale both the velocity, dividing by a positive parameter, and the temperature, dividing by the square of the same parameter, and study the obtained system. This rescaled approach permits to deal with the right hand linear term for the Boussinesq system, in order to apply a fixed point lemma, and to know a qualitative behaviour of the system, according to relations between both the parameters and the initial velocity and temperature; for instance, it is possible to consider, for small enough viscosity and large diffusivity, a large enough critical Fourier-Besov norm for the initial temperature and it is also possible to consider, for small enough diffusivity and large viscosity, a large enough critical Fourier-Besov norm for both the velocity and the temperature.

Calculations at CCSD(T) theoretical levels with extended basis sets on CO…H2O provide reliable structures and stability, as well as the covalent character of the hydrogen bond. The interactions were decomposed in the framework of symmetry adapted perturbation theory to investigate the HB properties. It demonstrates that the electrostatic and dispersion dominate the attraction for the optimized stable structure; while for the long distance, it becomes pure electrostatic force. The covalent character was analyzed by the AIM theory, topological analysis on electron density function, delocalization index, and reduced density gradient; and it suggests the very weak strength of hydrogen bond with non-covalent character.

Cryptosporidium spp. is the most important foodborne and waterborne pathogens and leading cause of mortality from foodborne and waterborne gastrointestinal diseases. In neonates of domestic animals, it is associated with consistent diarrhoea and dehydration. Cryptosporidium infection begins with the ingestion of sporulated oocytes disseminated by carrier animals that consistently contaminate the environment. Many diagnostic tests are available including microscopy, and antigen trap-ELISA, but none of the diagnostic tests available currently cannot differentiate between active and passive infection in the host. In the current study, to address this challenge an mRNA based duplex TaqMan® probe PCR was developed to target the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene and 18SSU rRNA gene in a single tube that can detect metabolically active cryptosporidial oocysts. The mRNA transcripts are the direct indicator of any actively replicating cell and they will help decipher the active stages of its lifecycle in a host. This diagnostic assay was standardized by computing transcript copy number-based limit of detection. For COWP and 18SSU rRNA genes, the limit of detection was 7.08x1004 and 5.95x1005 respectively. During active infections, the oocyst wall protein will be active and so its COWP gene transcripts will act as a marker for active infection. While transcripts for 18SSU rRNA are constitutively expressed in cryptosporidial life cycle. This current diagnostic assay will be a quantitative marker that will help assess the active stages of Cryptosporidium infection in neonates. The disease dynamics will help better understand to formulate the control strategies and contain infection among the healthy animals.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. TSC consists of a wide variety of clinical manifestations, with neurological and dermatological symptoms being the most frequent. This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics and management of a pregnant patient incidentally diagnosed with TSC.

Malakoplakia is an uncommon granulomatous disease that occurs in immunocompromised individuals. It's thought to be caused by macrophagic bactericidial defect. We report a rare case of breast malakoplakia in a pregnant 35 ears-old woman that mimicked malignancy.

Most biomolecules become functional and bioactive by forming protein complexes through interaction with ligands that are diverse in size, shape, and physicochemical properties. In the complex biological milieu, the interaction is ligand-specific, driven by molecular sensing and recognition of a binding interface localized within a protein structure. Mapping interfaces of protein complexes is a highly sought area of research as it delivers fundamental insights into proteomes and pathology and hence strategies for therapeutics. While X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy still serve as a gold standard for structural elucidation of protein complexes, artificial and static analytic nature thereof often results in a non-native interface that otherwise might be negligible or non-existent in biological environment. In recent years, the mass spectrometry-coupled approaches, chemical crosslinking (CLMS) and hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDMS), have become valuable analytic complements to traditional techniques. These methods explicitly identify hot residues and motifs embedded in binding interfaces, in particular, for which the interaction is predominantly dynamic, transient, and/or caused by an intrinsically disordered domain. Here we review the principal role of CLMS and HDMS in protein structural biology with a particular emphasis on the contribution of recent examples to exploring biological interfaces. In addition, we describe recent studies that utilized these methods to expand our understanding of protein complex formation and related biological processes and to increase probability of structure-based drug design.

The hydrodynamics of gas and liquid flow through a granular bed were proposed in this work. A high-speed camera was used to capture bubbles at different heights in a granular bed. The effect of bubble size on the rising velocity and stagnation of single bubble and multiple bubbles was investigated. The results showed that a single bubble rose along a non-uniform trajectory. The average rising velocity increased nonlinearly with the increase of the initial bubble diameter. This work also provides a visual verification that multiple bubbles stagnation occurs. The results show that the rising velocity and bubble size were the two key factors, which dominate the stagnation probability. The rising velocity of multiple bubbles is expressed by the overall velocity, and the bubble size is expressed by the projected area, which is found the bubble projection area and the overall velocity of the bubbles were negatively correlated with the stagnation.

Rational regulation of local environment of Ti-sites in TS-1 harbours tremendous industrial and scientific significance to epoxidation reactions. Herein, we report a facile and environment-friendly strategy to boost catalytic selectivity by covering the Ti-sites on external surface of TS-1 (ITS-1) without sacrificing activity of internal Ti sites. By quantitative analysis of d3-acetonitrile and quinoline-DRIFTS, 1H MAS NMR and XPS, it is found that percentage of external Ti-sites decreased from 11% to 6% after depositing surface silica islands. This successfully inhibits ring-opening reaction of 1,2-epoxyhexane on catalyst surface, as demonstrated by slower kinetic decomposition rate of 1,2-epoxyhexane. Compared with conventional TS-1 catalyst, selectivity of 1,2-epoxyhexane over ITS-1 catalyst significantly increased from 83.5% to 98.5% while maintaining high 1-hexene conversion. Furthermore, overmuch surface silica coverage only leads to extremely low conversion (2%) due to inhibition of mass transfer. This work paves the way for rational construction of Ti-containing catalysts for 1-hexene epoxidation

Evapotranspiration is an essential element of the hydrological process. Estimating evapotranspiration at polar regions is challenging. Different results were obtained based on observation and simulation by the FAO Penman-Monteith equation (FAO P-M), and FAO P-M was found to be inadequate to estimate the evapotranspiration in alpine swamp meadows with exposed water. Based on the characteristics and main influencing factors of observed actual evapotranspiration, the coefficient of FAO P-M was modified to better simulate the actual evapotranspiration in the alpine swamp meadow area. Our results indicated that (1) both ET a measured by the eddy covariance system and ET 0 calculated by FAO P-M had the same trend at the daily and annual scales and hysteresis was confirmed. (2) The annual ET a was 566.97 mm and annual ET a/P was 0.76, and about 11.19% of ET a occurred during night. (3) The main influencing factors during growing season were the R n, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and g s, and those during non-growing season were volumetric soil water content (VSWC), R n, soil temperature (ST), precipitation (P), and W s. (4) The basic corrected K c was 1.14 during the initial and mid-growing season, 1.05 during subsequent growing season, and 0-0.25 during the non-growing season.

Streamflow in semiarid area is facing rapidly decreasing, especially in North China, which make it important to analyse the characteristics and influencing factors of streamflow. Using hydro-meteorological data series during 1961-2017 in the Upper Yongding River Basin (UYRB)( including Yang River Basin (YRB) and Sanggan River Basin (SRB)), Spatio-temporal variation characteristics of air temperature, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (E 0) were analysed. Results showed that: precipitation has no significant trend; temperature shows a significant increase by 0.09–0.52℃ per decade; E 0 shows a significant decrease from -0.18 mm/yr to -2.04 mm/yr (in 18 stations); the estimated rates of streamflow change are –0.74, –0.80mm/yr for SRB and YRB. As to spatial distribution: the YRB presents a higher E 0 value than the SRB; and the mountain area has more precipitation than the plain area. And the change points of streamflow occurred in 1982 and 2003. Both Budyko and DMC method were used to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on mean annual streamflow. In the variation stage Ⅰ (1983~2003), impacts of human activities account for 90.6% and 62.7% of the mean annual streamflow changes in YRB and SRB, respectively. In the variation stage Ⅱ (2004~2017), the percentages are 99.5% and 93.5%, respectively. It is also noted that the first change point in streamflow was indeed at the beginning of China’s land reform, when the farmers can manage their reallocated lands and therefore increased agricultural water consumption. The second change point coincided with “Capital Water Resources Planning” including water conservation projects and irrigation district construction programs. In general, human activities were mainly responsible for the significant decline in the annual streamflow of UYRB. This paper will provide valuable results for water resources planning and give guidance to the construction of water conservation function area and ecological environment support area of capital.

Herein, we report a two-step low-temperature annealing method to enhance performance of InSnO (ITO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). In case of one-step annealing treatment, threshold voltage (Vth) of the ITO TFTs present a negative correlation with annealing temperature. Therefore, we design a two-step low-temperature annealing process to purposely modulate electrical properties of the ITO TFTs. The results show that the ITO TFTs annealed at 200 °C for 1 h at first and then annealed at 150 °C for 0.5 h exhibit the best performance, and the major properties includes a saturation mobility (µsat) of 21.0 cm2V-1s-1, a Vth of -1.1 V, a subthreshold swing (SS) of 560.5 mV/cm, and an on-to-off state current ratio (Ion/Ioff) of 5.79 × 108. Moreover, the ITO TFTs exhibit excellent bias stress stability. This work demonstrates a low-temperature approach for the enhancement of the oxide TFTs.

Vehicles in the current era can communicate with other vehicles, roadside units, and networks. This communication is collaboratively called Vehicle to Everything(V2X) communication. V2X network leverages modern communication technologies such as DSRC, LTE, and 5G communication. Along with the leverages of these technologies, potential security threat has also increased. Cybersecurity attacks are the most common attacks that damage the V2X communication network. In this paper, we will reveal poetnetial cybersecurity attacks in V2X communication

Vehicular platooning is although not a new concept yet reshaping its core idea with invovlment of autonomous driging in it. vehicle platoon is group of vehicle traveling with small space but no physical connection and negligible relative velocity with each other. Platoon can be formed from different type of vehicles such as truck, bus car etc. In platoon each vehicle has a particular role either it is a leader or follower. All of vehicle participating in platoon have to send message to their predecessor vehicle about their present location, and speed velocity. Along with other different challenges such as its trajectory , string stability , maneuvers, platoon communication suffer from security risks. Security is an essential aspects of wireless communication systems Due to the inherent transmission nature of wireless channels.There is a risk of various types of network attacks,Cyberseurity attacks are most common of them. In this research we will reveal the core idea of cybersecurity attacks in autonomous vehicle platooning.

Safety is the foremost aspect in today"s world. In this world of technology, people need technology to help them in danger conditions. Gas leakage becomes a severe issue that results in many accidents which lead to mortal and monetary harm. It is need of hour to install the gas leakage detection systems on public places. This paper presents a system design that identifies the leakage of gas and warns the user about the situation by sending SMS on user"s phone with the help of GSM. Smart kitchen by means of IOT is aimed, created and verified. Our system has more features than existing systems because those were manual while our system is automatic and provides rapid reply and correct identification that can save many lives and prevents humans from many hazardous cases. _____________________________________________

Nowadays, security threats are becoming important problem in the world. Everyone in this world want to keep an aye on his house due to threats and risk of theft and robbery, danger of leaking raw gas, and also requires safety from fire, at the same time they want to save energy, and also want to keep an eye on their house if there are elders or disabled person in the house. This system sends the images and the threat messages to warn the people about the danger in SMS or MMS form. This system monitors the irregular activities and functions with the help of sensors and most importantly with the web camera and then performs necessary actions to save assets and warn the authorized person to take serious steps. Introduction:

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) play a key role in the energy efficiency of electro-catalytic systems. However, the sluggish kinetics and accumulated gas slugs under the industrial operation condition limit the application of OER. Herein, Mn, Fe co-doped nickel hydroxide with highly dense hierarchical nano-sheets array is obtained through a simple and mild two-step etching strategy, which exhibits a remarkable OER performance. Doping Mn and Fe can modulate the electronic structure and redox behavior of active site, leading to an excellent intrinsic activity toward OER. Moreover, highly dense hierarchical array structure is conducive to provide more active sites and inhibit the accumulation of gas slugs under industrial current density. Thus, the obtained catalyst provides an impressing current density of 1.8 A cm−2 at a small overpotential of 370 mV and sustains the performance more than 100 h.

The direct Z-scheme provide a potential strategy for high efficient CO2 photoreduction, whereas the heterointerface contact resistance is significantly limited the interfacial electron transfer kinetic. Herein, we build the directional charge-transfer channels in a direct Z-scheme system over metal−organic frameworks (MOFs), that is the lattice-guided MOF-on-MOF hybrids, to facilitate CO2 photoreduction. The heteroepitaxial lattice growth along the c-axis of MIL-88B(Fe) via the high-activity (001) facet over the stable (111) facet of UiO-66-NH2. Theoretical calculations and experimental results provide the direct evidence that engineering direct Z-scheme of these MOFs hybrids can induce the electrons migration from UiO-66-NH2 to the holes of MIL-88B(Fe) by directional charge-transfer channels owing to their lattice match. This can dramatically boosts photocatalytic CO2-to-CO selectivity up to nearly 100%, with a rate of 2.26 μmol·g-1·h-1. This work demonstrates that the efficiently selective CO2 photoreduction processes can be achieved by engineering Z-scheme via lattice intergrown of MOF hybrids strategy.

In this work, a partial element stage cut electrochemical hydrogen pump (EHP) model for multiple H2-contaning gases separation and hydrogen compression which embed real factors (anode impurity diffusion, hydrogen back-diffusion and anode catalyst deactivation) was established to study EHP performance accurately under full hydrogen concentration. The accuracy and reliability of proposed model were verified from four aspects (current density distribution, polarization curve, hydrogen recovery and purity) under different feedstock systems and wide pressure range. The model has good applicability and accuracy (R^2≥0.96, simulation and experiment results comparison). Simulation results show that high hydrogen back-diffusion ratio can cause low energy efficiency under high cathode pressure and low feedstock hydrogen content. The variation law of hydrogen purity under multi-operating conditions was studied, which shows dual-effect (PEM and GDL resistance) can affect hydrogen purity prominently through current density under low feedstock hydrogen content and applied potential.

CO2 methanation is one of the vital reactions to utilize CO2 and realize power to gas process. To decrease the CO2 capture cost and alleviate the hot spots during the strong exothermic methanation reaction, here, we report a coupling of CO2 capture process with in situ CO2 methanation process through a ceramic-molten carbonate (MC) dual phase membrane reactor over the Ni-based catalyst. The performance of the membrane reactor was systematically investigated and compared with the traditional fixed-bed reactor. The results show that the performance of the membrane reactor is higher than that of the fixed-bed reactor, since the produced steam through the methanation process can be partially removed through the dual-phase membrane, which promotes the reaction shift to right side. A stability test shows no obvious degradation within 32 h. These results indicate that the membrane reactor is promising for coupling CO2 capture with in situ methanation process.

Edge computing is used to execute tasks submitted by various mobile applications. However, task offloading to the edge nodes iniatiated by the IoT nodes would cause insider-attack issues. Trust mechanism is an effective method to resist insider-attacks. A trust scheme usually needs a threshold to distinguish between normal nodes and malicious nodes. Unfortunately, how to reasonably determine the threshold of a trust scheme is still an open problem. In this paper, a novel trust scheme based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for edge computing is proposed to overcome this problem. First, the trust value of an edge node is calculated based on a trust factor matrix. Second, a difference function of classification model based on LDA is estanblished to to distinguish malicious nodes from normal nodes. Finally, the problem of maximizing the difference function is transformed into the problem of finding the optimal weight. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to integrate LDA to solve the problem of trust values’ classification. The simulation results show that our scheme can distinguish malicious nodes from normal nodes with an accuracy of more than 95%, which is much higher than other schemes.

Introduction Dentistry is the most profession affected by the globally COVID-19 pandemic. Future workplaces will be forced to follow a clinical protocol to avoid the emergence of new illnesses and spreading of the viruses. The patient’s oral secretions, contaminated materials, and dental unit surfaces may serve as possible sources of infection for the dentist, the assistant, and the patient during routine clinical practise. Saliva and blood droplets generated on surfaces, as well as aerosol inhalation from spinning machinery and ultrasound handpieces, offer a considerable danger to current and future occupants. To prevent infections, dental practitioners must use disinfectants and personal protective equipment (PPE). The rapid spread of Covid 19 has forced adjustments to preventative and restorative dental practises. In dentistry, COVID-19 preventive measures include telephone and clinical triage supported by a questionnaire on recent symptoms and movements, body temperature measurement, oral rinses with 1 percent hydrogen peroxide, and the use of appropriate PPEs (1).Dental Association of United States plan emergency recommendations incorporated in urgent dental care, which focuses on the management of conditions needing immediate attention to alleviate severe pain and/or infection risk. Urgent dental care focuses on disorders requiring minimally invasive treatment, including severe tooth pain due to pulpal inflammation, pericoronitis or third-molar discomfort, surgical post-operative osteitis, and dry socket dressing changes. Abscess or localized bacterial infection resulting in localized pain and edoema. Tooth fracture producing localized pain or soft tissue damage. Trauma to the teeth with avulsion/luxation (2).Telemedicine encourage delivery of health care services by using the communication technologies. The term of telemedicine is to improve health of patients in unaccessible areas .Teledentistry is a sub-group of telemedicine and is successfully used within the dental practice for teleconsultation, telediagnosis and delivery of oral care services . In Covid- 19 pandemic , teledentistry used an alternative method to deliver the continuation of dental health services .A systematic review concludedthat teledentistry was a valuable tool for oral screening similar to face-to-face consultations . Variable electronic devices were used to capture the intraoral soft and hard tissues such as smartphones, digital extraoral cameras, or intraoral cameras (3,4).Smartphones is a noval attractive way in telehealth services due to mobile connectivity, advancing digital photography technniques , storage and transfer data as well as low-cost, secure storage. The a smartphone camera could be used in dental photography which are useful for recording a baseline of oral health status preoperatively, to assess the diagnosis and preparing an appropriate treatment plan.Follow up evaluation by a speciality dentist from a distance(5).Mobile-health technology could used as adjunctive tool for emprovement careness of oral hygiene ,followup and increase awareness of health education .In covid 19 pandemic ,people are interested to have facilities of their health information in their smartphones. These apps have easy , simple performance and also provide simple information so further investigation are required in next steps(6,7).In oral health field, Dental caries is a common chronic disease of the childhood. some smartphones apps have used games to teach children many topics including carious tooth, healthy and carcinogenic diet. Dental caries in childhood can be associated withsevere pain and psychological problems, and may impose a high burden on the parents (8).Dental associations worldwide recommend the first dental visit and initiation of toothbrushing at 1 year of age. However, parents often neglect this visit. Dental health education via mobile apps can be a potential solution to enhance oral health knowledge of parents, particularly mothers, considering the popularity of mobile apps and their widespread use (9).Using social media (SM) is one of the most common people today’s activities. Websites which allow social interaction are considered SM platforms, allowing users to communicate, develop their creativity, increase their knowledge and getting health information. Health information through online may make the users feel more secure in expressing their primary concerns because their identities are masked and their privacy is guaranteed (10).Applications and services for telemedicine include email, two-way video, wireless tools, smart phones, and further communication technologies. Telemedicine involves group treatment, nurse contacts, teaching and training, televisits with community health experts, and medical image transfer. Telehealth, provides a larger range of distant healthcare services that are not often limited to the clinical context. These services, known as remote nonclinical services, consist of training, medical education, and administrative meetings. The two primary types of telemedicine are store-and-forward telemedicine and real-time telemedicine. Store-and-forward telemedicine does not need communication partners to concurrently transfer data. It is possible to gather, organise, and store data. Data are sent as often as possible to the desired destination for diagnosis or analysis. In addition to the patient’s information and medical history, images of skin lesions or electrocardiograms are sent to a physician in the linked area. Real-time telemedicine, like videoconferencing, needs simultaneous communication between the healthcare provider and the patient (11).Teledentistry’s limitations and constraints must be understood. The most prevalent technical concerns were Internet access and sound quality. All telemedicine mistakes may be categorised as technical, organizational, or severe. Universities and colleges must include telemedicine into their curricula and offer training for doctors. Telemedicine allows physicians to participate in continuing education programmes without leaving their existing roles. Teledentistry may thus be used to optimise and lower the cost of dental treatment. Additionally, teledentistry is often used during the anamnesis phase of patient evaluation(12).A significant barrier is the high cost of teledentistry for both governments and individuals. Teledentistry is a rapidly growing field with immense potential, but it is still in its infancy, and more emphasis must be placed on the distribution of funds and grants to conduct additional clinical research to provide more data and establish teledentistry’s role in the delivery of oral healthcare(13).Internet is the basis of modern teledentistry systems since it is current, rapid, and capable of delivering vast amounts of data. Recent teledentistry technology and remote consultation methods exist only on the Internet. Today, almost every dentist clinic is outfitted with intra-oral cameras, digital cameras, and Internet-connected computers, allowing for the rapid examination of teledental possibilities. Teledentistry is a novel part of patient care that is rapidly rising in popularity and significance. Practitioners who want to include teledentistry into their practises must educate themselves on the legal, technological, and ethical obstacles posed by this burgeoning field. Dentists are required to take initiative and adapt to the digital world. They must understand not only how the digital transformation of healthcare will affect their practises, but also how they and their patients may benefit from the expansion of teledentistry. Implementing teledentistry in professional dental education is a realistic and effective strategy for fostering teledental skills(14).Teledentistry is a rapidly growing field with immense potential, but it is still in its infancy, and more emphasis must be placed on the distribution of funds and grants to conduct additional clinical research to provide more data and establish teledentistry’s role in the delivery of oral healthcare.Inspite of  benefit from teledentistry and the variety of applications, there are still restrictions on the use of information technology. Digital photographs may be useful for recognizing obvious issues, but they have their limitations. Teledentistry requires the use of high-quality pictures, which are unavailable at all remote clinics and facilities. A significant barrier is the high cost of teledentistry for both governments and individuals(15).