Through testing the characteristics of temperature difference power supply model, a multi-stage temperature difference power supply array circuit model considering package thermal resistance and contact thermal resistance is presented. The model not only considers the influence of the impedance temperature and the actual temperature difference in the equivalent circuit; The influence of contact thermal resistance between adjacent ceramic contact surfaces in temperature difference modules on temperature difference power generation modeling is also considered. Furthermore, the traditional temperature difference power array circuit model is improved and the modeling accuracy is improved. The accuracy of the improved resistance modeling is demonstrated by comparing the Matlab/Simulink simulation with the experiment, and the feasibility and validity of the model are verified. The simulation results show that the error between the proposed model and the experiment is small, which can well reflect the characteristics of the temperature difference power generation module.

Cognitive processes play a role in decision making, which involves processing stimuli, memory of experiences and working memory. Cognitive processes involve the role of neurotransmitters that support physiological and executive processes. In decision making there is also a role for neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline and glutamate. This research was carried out using a molecular mechanism prediction approach using machine learning with protein-protein interactions from the GeneCards database followed by interactions using Cytoscape and enrichment analysis. The results of predictions of molecular mechanisms in decision making show that there are 21 genes encoding neurotransmitter, serotonin, intention process, prefrontal cortex, frontal asymmetry and decision making functions. Enrichment analysis and intersections between genes involved in the functions above show that HTR2A, SCL6A4 and COMT are genes that influence decision making. That biological process, cellular component and molecular function have three protein HTR2A, SLC6A4, COMT. The gene encoding the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A). The 5-HTT (SLC6A4) is mainly located in the pre-synaptic membrane of the raphe nuclei neurons, which innervate many areas of the brain involved in cognition, mood and behaviour and the relationship between decision-making and executive function is sensitive to genetic factors—particularly COMT provide support for the cross-task adaptation of executive functions to domain-general cognitive ability. The conclusion of the prediction results is that the serotonergic system within corticolimbic structures, HTT and HTR2A, with a few exceptions, is involved in various forms of decision making.

Millions of people suffer from dopamine-related disorders spanning disturbances in movement, cognition and emotion, often attributed to changes in striatal dopamine function. Understanding how dopamine signaling in the striatum and basal ganglia shapes human behavior is fundamental to advancing the treatment of affected patients. Dopaminergic neurons innervate large scale brain networks and many different roles for dopamine signals have been proposed, such as invigoration of movement and tracking of reward contingencies. The canonical circuit architecture of cortico-striatal loops sparks the question, whether dopamine signals in the basal ganglia serve an overarching computational principle which could provide new insights into symptom generation in psychiatry to neurology. Here, we review the perspective that dopamine could bidirectionally control neural population dynamics, increasing, or decreasing their strength and likelihood to reoccur in the future, a process previously termed neural reinforcement. We outline how the basal ganglia pathways could drive strengthening and weakening of circuit dynamics and discuss the implication of this hypothesis on the understanding of motor signs of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the most frequent dopaminergic disorder. We propose that loss of dopamine in PD may lead to a pathological brain state where repetition of neural activity leads to weakening and instability, possibly explanatory for the fact that movement in PD deteriorates with repetition, as defined by the sequence effect or decrement of movement. Finally, we speculate on how therapeutic interventions such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be able to reinstate reinforcement signals and thereby improve treatment strategies of PD in the future.

Neurodegenerative diseases impact the structure and operation of the nervous system, causing progressive and irreparable harm. The absence of distinguishable symptoms in the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases makes diagnosis challenging. Additionally, it can be difficult to pinpoint the precise neurodegenerative disorder affecting a patient as the symptoms of these conditions frequently overlap. Numerous studies have shown that pathological changes occur years before clinical signs appear. Therefore, it is crucial to discover blood-based biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases for easier and faster diagnosis. Proximity Extension Assay is a unique proteomics method that uses antibodies linked to oligonucleotides for quantifying proteins with real-time PCR. Proximity Extension Assay can identify even low-quantity proteins using a small volume of specimens with increased sensitivity compared to conventional methods. In this article, we reviewed the employment of Proximity Extension Assay technology to detect biomarkers or protein profiles for several neurodegenerative diseases.

Reforestation after forest clearcutting is an effective measure to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. However, the soil C balance and functions of microbial communities under reforestation remain to be determined. Samples of organic (0-2 cm) and mineral (2-10 cm) horizons were collected from the 7-, 15-, 20-, 29-, and 36-year-old forest stands of Chinese fir developed after plantation clearcutting in subtropical climate zone under the condition of phosphorus limitation. Particulate organic carbon (POC), mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC), microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), and enzymatic activities for C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) acquisition were analyzed. The lowest contents of POC (10 %) and MAOC (13 %) in the organic horizon were found in 7-year-old stands due to the slow tree regrowth and extensive decomposition of SOC in the first years of forest regrowth. POC (2.0x) and MAOC (0.8x) increases in the organic horizon with forest age were attributed to the stand development and accumulation of above and belowground litter. The organic horizon had a higher POC: MAOC ratio than the mineral (0.7-1.1 vs. 0.2-0.5), indicating lower SOC stability in the first one. A positive correlation of the Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria (G+:G-) ratio with the POC: MAOC ratio may point to developing specific substrate utilization strategies for microbial communities. Microorganisms were limited by C and P; however, the C limitation was alleviated in the 36-year-old plots in the organic horizon due to increased litter input. Microbial C and P limitations increased with total PLFAs and the G+:G- ratio, indicating the strong influence of community structure on nutrient acquisition from SOC. Thus, soil C sequestration under reforestation of Chinese fir can be controlled by microbial community structure and metabolic limitation, which both shifted with the stand age.

Indian farmlands have a unique position with respect to their size, diverse soil conditions and crop composition. The incorporation of trees is a visionary strategy for supplementing natural agricultural practices and charting a novel path to combat climate change and safeguard biodiversity, but planting an inappropriate tree in an unsuitable location may have a contradictory impact. Through this review, we try to provide some valuable insights into the current state of knowledge gaps in research and emerging trends concerning farmland trees in India. A total number of 85 publications were selected and classified into groups. The major factor influencing the trees in the farmland sector in India is the economic benefits obtained from them. The role of intangible benefits and ecosystem services like carbon sequestration has not been widely recognised in the process of species selection. The slow growth in the number of publications on trees on farmlands still leans on topics like trees outside forests and agroforestry. Several other concepts, viz., timber production, regulating services, lack of public awareness, legal formalities, lack of institutional mechanisms etc., related to farmland trees still remain unaddressed in scientific research. Proper awareness, future-focused research and a well-structured policy-level legal framework are essential to maximise the potential benefits procured from these resources.

In this study, hesperetin was shown to inhibit the replication of multiple poxviruses, including buffalopox virus (BPXV), vaccinia virus, and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). Hesperetin mainly suppressed viral protein synthesis without affecting other steps of the viral life cycle such as attachment, entry, and budding. In a chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay, we further demonstrated that hesperetin-induced reduction in BPXV protein synthesis is due to disruption of the binding of the 5’ cap of viral mRNA with the cellular translation initiation factor eIF4E. The molecular docking and MD simulation studies, also confirmed binding of the hesperetin with the cap-binding pocket of eIF4E, in a similar conformation as m7GTP binds. In a BPXV egg infection model, hesperetin was shown to suppress the development of pock lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane, as well as the associated mortality of the chicken embryos. Most importantly, long-term culture of BPXV in the presence of hesperetin did not induce the generation of drug-resistant viral mutants. In conclusion, we for the first time demonstrated the antiviral activity of hesperetin against poxviruses, besides providing novel mechanistic insights into the antiviral action of hesperetin.

A thrombosed LV aneurysm simulating an Intra-myocardial dissection hematoma (IDH) is a rarely reported condition. We describe a rare case of a 52-year-old man suffering from a thrombosed LV aneurysm, who was initially diagnosed as an IDH by conventional echocardiography. Finally, the patient was diagnosed with thrombosed LV aneurysm through multimodal imaging. We discuss the diagnostic process and surgery of the thrombosed LV aneurysm.

We report the first case of egg burying behaviour in a neotropical direct-developing frog. An amplectant pair of Pristimantis chocoensis was found and we recorded oviposition and the subsequent burying of the clutch by the female. Both parents remained near the nest during the following day. This rare observation sheds light over the intricate reproductive behaviours of terrestrial amphibians and suggests that the evolution of direct development has selected for highly specialized forms of parenting.

Background: The prevalence of infertility has rarely been synthesized at the global level. Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the community-based global prevalence of infertility. Search Strategy: PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Science Direct were searched from inception until October 2022. Selection Criteria: Studies were included if they were published in English, had quantitative data, and reported the community-based prevalence of infertility. Data Collection and Analysis: Two authors independently extracted data. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to derive the pooled prevalence of infertility. Variations in the prevalence estimates in different subgroups. Univariate meta-regression was used to explore possible sources of heterogeneity. Main Results: The findings indicated the pooled prevalence of infertility was 12.87% (95% CI,12.41%-13.33%). The prevalences of primary infertility and secondary infertility were 7.34% and 6.01%, respectively. The overall prevalence of infertility among people was the highest in Africa (16.73%) and lowest in the North America (8.84%). Lower prevalence in cohort or prospective follow-up studies (9.75%) than in cross-sectional studies (12.93%). Women aged 35 and above had a higher prevalence of infertility (11.68%) compared to women below 35 years old (5.92%). The prevalence of infertility increased with the number of years, and increased with the degree of literature bias from low to high. Conclusions: This community-based study estimated the global prevalence of infertility to be 12.87% and suggested that an upward trend of the prevalence of infertility may persist in the future.

Skin lesion detection has gained a lot of attention in the last couple of years due to the spread of skin cancer around the world. System-assisted design requires training and classification structure that can only be precise if features are selected appropriately along with improved segmentation of the lesion. This paper introduces a hybrid classification and training algorithm architecture that uses machine learning in all aspects of training and feature selection. The algorithm has been improved by adding novel behavior of Particles and Moth flames to be precise on nature. The proposed algorithm uses a multilayer propagation network for training and classification. The proposed work has been compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms based on quantitative parameters. The proposed work shows a significant improvement in all parameters and aspects.

To ensure the engineering quality and durability of reinforced concrete, vibrating is necessary during the pouring process. Currently, the vibration process during the construction of high-rise buildings is mainly done manually using handheld vibrating rods. However, manual vibration relies heavily on human experience and often results in issues such as over-vibration or insufficient vibration. Once the concrete solidifies, these problems can lead to irreversible consequences. This paper proposes a vibration robot that replaces manual vibrating with a strictly programmed process, improving construction efficiency and project quality. The vibration robot is based on the YOLOv5s algorithm and incorporates Deformable Convolutional Networks (DCN) and Coordinate Attention (CA) mechanisms into the backbone network to enhance target recognition performance. Through image recognition, the vibration robot obtains the coordinates of the vibration center point for controlling the vibration operation. Experimental results show that this method achieves a target recognition rate of 95.24% and a frame transfer rate of 16.94 frames per second. Therefore, using a vibration robot for concrete vibration during pouring holds significant practical value.

Arthropod-eating birds comprise a diverse group with varying degrees of sensitivity to environmental changes and distinct responses to habitat degradation. In our study, we investigated the impact of landscape and habitat characteristics on the functional diversity of insectivorous birds in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Our hypotheses are focused on (I) how species composition and functional diversity respond to habitat turnover and nestedness and (II) whether an increase in native forest cover positively influences bird species richness and functional diversity. Our research encompasses 22 different landscapes within the Cantareira-Mantiqueira region, southeastern Brazil, including native forests, pastures, and marshes, within 1 km radius buffers. To assess functional diversity, we employed beta pair and beta multi-function indices for each environment type. Generalized mixed linear models were calculated to examine the effects of the native forest cover gradient and environment type on functional diversity. Our findings indicated negative effects of increased native forest cover on functional diversity indices. Bird communities were susceptibility to turnover in pasturelands, to nestedness in marshes, and both species nestedness and turnover in native forests. These results may be partially due to the predominantly second-growth, small-sized, and early successional stages of the native forest fragments in the region. These findings underscore the intricate interplay between landscape characteristics, habitat types, and bird functional diversity within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. They also highlight the significance of considering habitat quality and succession stages in conservation efforts in this region.

Multi-shaft stirred reactors significantly impact the mixing efficiency and eliminate isolated mixed regions. Herein, the chaotic characteristics and spatiotemporal instability of flow fields were investigated in three different stirred reactor, and a novel flow field visualization technique was proposed to address limitations with low-viscosity fluids. Results demonstrated the chaotic behavior and energy transfer are inconsistent at various axial positions in the S-T-STR, D-T-STR, and T-T-STR flow fields, which are supported by pressure pulsation attractors, fractal dimension, largest Lyapunov exponents, multiscale entropy, and Kolmogorov entropy analysis. Torque signal attractor images confirmed stable periodic energy input to the flow field through the impeller. Hilbert spectrum analysis revealed time instability and periodic energy features after flow field stabilization. T-T-STR exhibited reduced spatial and temporal instability, denser periodic cycles, accelerated flow field structure evolution and energy transfer rate. These distinctions result from the distinctive flow field structure within each reactor configuration.

Background: In this study, the clinical and laboratory findings, complications, and responses to regular intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment of 34 patients diagnosed with primary immunodeficiency (PID) carrying transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) protein mutations were retrospectively evaluated. Material and Method: Clinical characteristics of patients, complete blood counts, serum immunoglobulin and compleman levels, lymphocyte subgroups, and mutation types of the patients followed up in our clinic for PID and diagnosed with TACI Mutation with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Method were examined. Results: A total of 20 (59%) of the patients were male, 14 (41%) were female, 18 were children (<18 years old) who had a median age of genetic diagnosis of 6.2 years and 16 were adults (>18 years) with a median age of genetic diagnosis of 34 years. The most common complaint was recurrent respiratory tract infection (68%). According to the Euro Class Classification (ECC), 14 patients who met the diagnostic criteria of Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) had significantly lower lymphocyte, naïve (CD19+IgD+27-), non-switched (CD19+IgD-27+) number and percentage of B cells than the 20 patients who did not match (p<0.05). A total of 24 of the 34 patients, 13 of whom were children and 11 of whom were adults, received regular IVIG treatment because they met the criteria for ECS and/or had comorbidities. Conclusion: In our study, the fact that bronchiectasis and recurrent pneumonia and the need for hospitalized treatment were less common than in the literature was thought to be related to early IVIG treatment.

Objective: To explore the scope of antimicrobial stewardship activities based on the point prevalence study of antimicrobials among hospitalized patients in a tertiary-level care hospital in the UAE. Methods: A single-center cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted among inpatients admitted to a tertiary care hospital using the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption tool in February 2023. Antimicrobials used against bacteria only were surveyed. All patients admitted to the selected departments at 8 AM on the day of the survey were included. Data were described in numbers and percentages. Results: Among 136 patients admitted at the time of the study, 87 received antimicrobials, representing a prevalence of 64%. A total of 144 antimicrobial prescriptions were prescribed in 87 patients. The majority of the antimicrobials were administered parenterally (n=122, 84.7%), and over 60% (n=53) of the patients on antimicrobials received two antimicrobials. The majority of antimicrobials used for therapy were empiric in nature (n=68, 89.5%). Over half of the patients receiving antimicrobials for surgical prophylaxis were prescribed antimicrobials for two or more days. More than 60% of the antimicrobial orders were adherent to the hospital guidelines. Conclusion: The point prevalence of the use of antimicrobials is high, which highlights the need for more efficient and targeted stewardship efforts in improving adherence with the hospital guidelines. Wide usage of broadspectrum antimicrobials is observed.

Background: Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is increasingly used during left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) as an alternative to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) Aim: To evaluate the impact of ICE vs. TEE guidance during LAAO on procedural characteristics and acute outcomes, as well the presence of peri-device leaks and residual septal defects during follow-up. Methods: All studies comparing ICE-guided vs. TEE-guided LAAO were identified. The primary outcomes were procedural efficacy and occurrence of procedure-related complications. Secondary outcomes included lab efficiency (defined as a reduction in in-room time), procedural time, fluoroscopy time, and presence of peri-device leaks and residual interatrial septal defects (IASD) during follow-up. Results: Twelve studies (n=5637) were included. There were no differences in procedural success group (98.3% vs. 97.8%; OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.42-1.27, p=0.27; I2=0%) or adverse events (4.5% vs. 4.4%; OR 0.81 95% CI 0.56-1.16, p=0.25; I2=0%) between the ICE-guided and TEE-guided groups. ICE guidance reduced in in-room time (mean-weighted 28.6-minute reduction in in-room time) without differences in procedural time or fluoroscopy time. There were no differences in peri-device leak (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.68-1.27, p=0.64); however, an increased prevalence of residual IASD was observed with ICE-guided vs. TEE-guided LAAO (46.3% vs. 34.2%; OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.05-4.75, p=0.04). Conclusion: ICE guidance is associated with similar procedural efficacy and safety, but could result in improved lab efficiency (as established by a significant reduction in in-room time). No differences in the rate of periprocedural leaks were found. A higher prevalence of residual interatrial septal defects was observed with ICE guidance.

This study focuses on the evolution of the fatigue strength of L-PBF produced Ti-6Al-4V as a function of the chemical etching finishing process. The aim is to identify the critical fatigue crack initiation mechanisms and the transitions between them in terms of the evolution of the surface micro-geometry caused by the finishing process. This has been done using three different geometries and six different surface states, including the machined reference surface state. The evolution of the crack initiation mechanisms, identified via SEM observations of the fatigue failure surfaces, is then used to explain the evolutions of the fatigue strength and the fatigue scatter, in both the finite and the high cycle fatigue-life domains. As expected, chemical etching effects the fatigue life via a polishing effect on the micro-geometry, which directly influences both the finite and the high cycle fatigue domains. It is shown that chemical etching makes it possible to obtain fatigue strengths that are almost similar to those of the machined surface, despite the fact that the roughness is higher, even after an optimal etching time. However, it is also observed that etching cannot fully counter the effects of large surface connected porosities (typically lack-of-fusion) that lead to large surface cavities. Some minor scale or size effects can also be noted between the different coupon geometries. This does not modify the conclusions concerning the initiation mechanisms and their effect on the fatigue life.

Aims: Although alcohol consumption is proposed to trigger electrographic abnormalities, acute changes in arrythmias and conductance disturbances have not been systematically studied in young adults who are the age group most likely to binge drink. The aim of this study was to determine if changes in breath alcohol content (BrAC) during an acute binging episode influence electrographic abnormalities in young adults. Methods: Fifty-five university students (20.6±2.1 years of age), who were not regular users of alcohol, consumed 60% mixer and 40% vodka until 0.08% BrAC was reached (6.4±1.9 standard drinks). Five-lead Holter recordings were analysed by a blinded cardiac technician. Electrographic abnormalities were identified and classified according to location (supraventricular or ventricular) and type (arrhythmia or conduction disturbance). Results: Although heart rate was elevated with BrAC beyond 0.05% compared to 0.00%, no differences existed in the relative incidence of electrographic abnormalities by location or type. Logistic regression revealed that baseline electrographic abnormality significantly contributed to predicting electrographic abnormality in 0.00% to 0.05% (p=0.02) and 0.05% to 0.08% BrAC phases (p=0.01). Conclusions: Alcohol consumption, resulting in BrAC of 0.08%, increased heart rate after BrAC reached 0.05% but did not acutely influence the relative incidence of electrographic abnormality by location or type in apparently healthy young people. These results do not support the hypothesis that a binge drinking episode causes electrographic abnormalities in young adults.

Isophthalic acid (IPA) is a star phosphorescence molecule, which is a commercially available raw material with simple chemical structure, but is of good phosphorescence performance. However, the great research vacancy is still maintained because of its limited applications. Absolutely, polymer-matrix strategy is a common method to produce phosphorescence amorphous material by dispersing IPA into matrix such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). But how to further optimize the phosphorescence property of the resulted doping material (PVA-IPA)? Up to now, this question is new and very little attention has been paid. In this work, a co-doping strategy was explored, that is, charging the second dopant of ClCH2COOH into PVA-IPA was verified as a promising method to further enhance the phosphorescence property of PVA-IPA, leading to the co-doping material PVA-IPA-ClCH2COOH with ultralong phosphorescence lifetime as 500 ms and high phosphorescence quantum yield (ΦP) as 23.7%. Depending on these promising phosphorescence behaviors, PVA-IPA-ClCH2COOH was successfully applied in the fields of information anti‐counterfeiting and artificial light harvest.

Introduction: Limited data exist on the gross motor abilities of children with cystic fibrosis (CF). The objective of this quality improvement project was to implement a systematic gross motor assessment in children with CF ages 4-12 years. Methods: Physical therapists aimed to evaluate at least 50% of eligible children at our CF Center over 1 year using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of motor Proficiency, second edition (BOT-2), a norm referenced assessment for gross motor skills, with delays defined by scores less than 18 th percentile. Demographic and clinical data including body mass index, hospitalizations, genotype, and comorbidities were collected. Basic descriptive statistics summarized patient information. Parametric and non-parametric methods compared groups of interest. Linear regression assessed associations between BOT-2 measures and clinical characteristics. Results: Of the 105 eligible children, 72 (69%) completed the BOT-2 over 1 year. Forty-five (62.5%) scored below average in at least one category. Impaired strength (22.2%) was most common, followed by impaired balance (16.7%), running speed and agility (15.3%), and bilateral coordination (8.3%). Eleven (15.5%) scored below average on their total motor composite score (TMC). Increased age, comorbidities and hospitalizations were associated with a lower TMC. Conclusions: The BOT-2 was successfully implemented as part of routine CF care to screen for gross motor delays. Results suggest that a high percentage of children with CF, especially older children with comorbid conditions or a history of hospitalization, have impaired gross motor function. These findings support the need for routine gross motor evaluations and physical therapy interventions within pediatric CF clinics.

Paediatric home invasive mechanical ventilation patients are a small but resource intensive cohort, requiring close monitoring and multidisciplinary care. Patients are often dependent on their ventilator for life support, with any significant complications such as equipment failure, tracheostomy blockage, or accidental decannulation becoming potentially life threatening, if not identified quickly. This review discusses the indications and variations in practice worldwide, in terms of models of care, including home care provision, choice of equipment and monitoring. With advances in technology, optimal monitoring strategies for home, continue to be debated: In-built ventilator alarms are often inadequately sensitive for paediatric patients, necessitating additional external monitoring devices to minimise risk. Pulse oximetry has been the preferred monitoring modality at home, though in some special circumstances such as congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, home carbon dioxide monitoring may be important to consider. Children should be under regular follow up at specialist respiratory centres where clinical evaluation, nocturnal oximetry and capnography monitoring and/or poly(somno)graphy and analysis of ventilator download data can be performed regularly to monitor progress. Recent exciting advances in technology, particularly in telemonitoring, which have potential to hugely benefit this complex group of patients are also discussed.

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent and have deleterious effects on one’s health and well-being. Inpatient treatment for SUDs reduces patient relapse, which subsequently ameliorates these negative effects on the individual and society. Additionally, those who complete treatment are less likely to relapse compared to those who do not complete treatment. Thus, maintaining patient engagement in treatment and reducing the rates of those leaving against medical advice (AMA) is particularly important. Examining the factors and comorbidities that may contribute to treatment dropout has the potential to identify at-risk patients in need of additional individualized intervention. The current study aimed to examine comorbid anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as predictors of dropout AMA in a residential substance use treatment population. Results showed that patients with social anxiety were more likely to leave treatment AMA, while those with PTSD were more likely to complete treatment. Findings suggest that PTSD-specific treatment, as offered in this facility, may help with patient retention, while group focused therapy may be distressing to those with social anxiety. Clinical implications of this research may include incorporating evidence-based practice for social anxiety early during inpatient treatment to reduce anxiety such that patients may better engage with SUDs treatment.

Leather and leather products are the most traded commodities and play a significant role in the world’s economy. The traditional tanning methods and the high quality of Indian leathers receive global appreciation. The existing leather manufacturing methods made a significant loss in epidermal constituents which impact the commercial importance of the animal species. Embossing techniques could potentially contribute to an increase in fraudulent activities. Since the fate of genetic material in finished leather is questionable, which poses a challenge to the molecular approach for identification. In order to obviate the problem, the present study aims to recover amplifiable mtDNA from leather products and focus on developing probes and primers for RT-PCR, which significantly enhance cross-specificity. Data mining and phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA genes (12S rRNA, COI, and Cyt b) for Indian Ovis aries skins exhibit the taxonomic positions and the intraspecies relationships, thereby facilitating the probes desigining. The results indicate that the maximum intraspecies genetic divergence observed within 12S rRNA, followed by COI and Cyt b. Since the availability of genetic sequences with reference to Cyt b is comparatively large (602), primers and probes were designed for Cyt b. The RT-PCR analysis of finished Ovis aries leather mtDNA samples yield a ct value in the range of 22–23 cycles, even with a minimum quantity of template DNA as low as 0.3 ng. Results on the cross-specificity analysis are highly encouraging. Hence, it is feasible to identify genuine Ovis aries leather using mtDNA instilling confidence in the export of leather.