Research in genetics provides the basis for understanding the function and evolution of all living things. The disciplines of reading and writing genomes translate into sustainable economic development with the rational global goals of food security, maternal and child health, precision medicine, education and access to informatics technologies. We believe that many publications in our field are motivated by these goals and contain reusable modular elements that can be recombined both in research and in its translation, to attain them. Open research entails sharing not only the conclusions of science, but its materials, provenance and gestation for the widest reuse by human and computational users. This means that we and our readers deplore any hiding or obscuring datasets or methods, and regret datasets in formally public repositories that have very slow accession or transfer rates. However, we will endeavor to work with all data producers who make contributions in good faith to genetics and genomics research.Genetics & Genomics Next (GGN ) is an Open Research journal from Wiley, published online using the CC-BY 4.0 open attribution license to encourage maximum credit and rapid creative reuse of all scholarly work. We are delighted to receive original research Articles, Resources, Analysis, Technical Reports and Perspectives in the areas of human, animal, plant and microbial genetics, genomics and epigenomics, selecting those reports for peer review that we judge editorially to have the highest research utility, ethical standards and societal impact. As professional, full-time editors at Wiley, we take responsibility for all manuscript decisions and peer reviewer assignment. Our Advisory Board Members have a complementary role to guide GGN’s mission as they see fit, anticipating the evolution of research and standards in our field, and, with us, providing leadership in promoting excellence in open research. Unlike Editorial Board members at some journals, GGN advisors are our mentors, not manuscript editors. We welcome their commitment to the journal for as long as they wish, and advisors may leave or rejoin the board at will.Since we offer an online journal, we are happy to consider reports in any format for peer review, provided they would not burden referees with their unusual length or complexity. We also welcome pre-submission enquiries via our online database (https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ggn). Author and dataset contributions and consortium roles can be described via the CRediT contributor taxonomy (https://www.casrai.org/credit.html). We support a range of community standards and databases and the FAIRSharing \cite{Sansone_2019} community standards site (https://fairsharing.org) for best practices and semantic precision. The journal endorses the FAIR \cite{Wilkinson_2016} data principles  (https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/) and we recommend database submission of datasets and workflows to replace most of the prior use cases for Supplementary Information.Research Articles should offer a new and substantial conceptual advance based on original experimental research and data, whereas Technical Reports need only detail a useful new method. Perspectives are literature reviews that set standards or propose future strategies in our field. Analysis articles offer opportunity to generate and test new hypotheses by interoperating or reusing existing datasets with new workflows. Resources provide provenance and curation of new datasets that will be of use to the community. If submissions are outside the scope of the journal or if editors consider them premature with respect to their field, we will make customized recommendation for appropriate Wiley journals that would peer review the work or suggest revisions that would typically qualify the work for peer review.Enabling the market for genomics-based ideas needs generosity with rich metadata and careful attention to semantic precision, as well as a sensitive understanding of the legal, ethical and economic underpinning of resources based in the code and the families of living people. For an editor, this means having patience in the face of the many exceptions to the ideal of publicly funded, universal research access to all human, animal and plant genomes and their associated traits and measurements. The resource-benefit balance is ever-present, and legal and ethics frameworks of genetic research evolve slowly in the legacy of past abuses of concepts of heredity. It is therefore essential that we recognize those data license conditions that aim to preserve participation of research subjects, build local resources and capacity and return benefits to the societies that initiated the studies. So, when genetics advances only on the terms of a commercial animal breeder or a security-conscious government, the conclusions and resources offered in the publication need to be maximized for reuse without derailing the sustainable long-term commitment of those producers to make their results available. Even in the sphere of publicly funded data resources in developed countries, it may be networks of excellence (consortia) spanning continents, institutions and generations of diverse funding sources that are the guarantors of the security of the research subjects’ data and the translational success of the research. Publishers looking for a highly cited paper - or data reusers looking to test their new algorithm - need to see where they fit in, and lobby for greater FAIRness from well-funded data generators. Proof of the reuse and interoperability of open research rests with the data users, so data providers need to enable and encourage their work.Author ORCiDsMyles Axton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-4131Alison Liu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-6441

Agradecimientos Este trabajo pudo ser realizado gracias al impulso recibido por parte de nuestros padres:Antonio Pérez Fuentes, Sofía Castillo López y Adolfo Flores Horta, Maribel López Delgado y Juan Rojas Silva, Ana Maria Gamez Salazar, para lograr superarnos y tener un futuro mejor.Así como el apoyo constante del maestro Fernando Favela Rosales, recibiendo de su parte críticas constructivas acerca de nuestro proyecto para mejorarlo. Agradecemos sus aportaciones e instrucciones para realizar encuestas adecuadamente, obteniendo resultados precisos.Para nuestros compañeros de clase del 6to semestre, que junto con el maestro, nos brindaron su punto de vista y de esta manera el proyecto tuviera mejor apariencia, mejor estructura, mayor comprensión y una buena redacción.Por último pero no menos importante, agradecemos la participación del maestro Andrew Ayala  por haber  revisado nuestro proyecto e indicarnos errores, ventajas y desventajas, brindando su conocimiento para poder dar una mejor forma.Resumen En este trabajo se exponen algunas reflexiones teóricas básicas que relacionan el crecimiento económico con cambios en la desigualdad en el ingreso de la población, se revisan las investigaciones realizadas previamente a la población y se analiza el comportamiento de esas variables en la cabecera municipal mediante datos representativos en gráficas e imágenes; asimismo se concluye con una breve explicación de propuestas relacionadas con mecanismos dirigidos a la población más pobre.Introducción“Cualquiera que haya luchado con la pobreza sabe lo extremadamente caro que es ser pobre”-          James A. Baldwin.La desigualdad y la pobreza son dos de los más graves problemas sociales que, en general, resultan de las relaciones históricas que se establecen entre las esferas de la sociedad, el Ingreso Salarial y los servicios básicos. Esos fenómenos se observan a escala mundial entre regiones y países, y al interior de cada uno de éstos como el municipio de Sombrerete Zacatecas. En una línea de investigación se los ha relacionado con algunas dimensiones como el crecimiento económico, la distribución del ingreso, el comportamiento del gasto público y las condiciones sociales analizadas mediante diferentes variables e indicadores. En este trabajo se revisan algunos análisis empíricos asociados a los planteamientos formulados.

AbstractThere has long been controversy concerning whether genes influence human intelligence, and if so, which genes influence it, and to what extent. Many genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have attempted to find single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are significantly associated with intelligence to shed light on this issue. My aim is to examine whether these studies have generated replicable findings concerning associations between one or more SNPs and variation in intelligence as it has generally been defined. Data on 17 published intelligence GWASs (3 of which reported no associations whatsoever) were downloaded from the GWAS Catalog and analyzed in the current study. Results show a generally low rate of replication: over 87% of the 2,335 included SNPs were reported only once, and only 4 of the 17 studies included follow-up testing in a replication sample. Of these 4, none found any replicable genome-wide significant hits. The literature was also found to be severely lacking in diversity: all study samples in which ancestry was described were of European and/or British ancestry. Additionally, evidence of a "winner's curse" was found: among the minority of SNPs reported more than once, the associated p-value tended to be higher in subsequent studies than in the study in which it was originally reported, corresponding to weaker SNP-intelligence associations in later studies.IntroductionMany studies have previously reported evidence that the trait of human intelligence is under significant genetic influence. Specifically, it has long been estimated that intelligence has a high heritability (i.e. proportion of variation associated with genetic variation), with twin and family studies typically reporting narrow-sense heritability estimates of between 50% and 80%.\cite{Hill_2018} This conclusion, combined with the prevailing interpretation of heritability estimates as reflecting a genetic basis for a given trait, implies that between 50 and 80% of variation in intelligence is due to additive genetic factors specifically. This is because narrow-sense heritability estimates only include additive genetic effects.\cite{Hill_2018}\cite{Plomin_2014}However, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have generally failed to reveal genes that account for all, or even most, of the reported heritability of intelligence. Instead, genetic variants reported to be associated with intelligence in GWASs invariably have very small effects, typically explaining no more than 1% of trait variance individually.\cite{Plomin_2014} Even when taken together, only about 20% of the heritability of intelligence can be accounted for by known DNA differences.\cite{Plomin_2018} There are two schools of thought to why the heritability of intelligence remains "missing", that is, unable to be accounted for by even the combination of all SNPs known to be associated with intelligence. The first is that the heritability of this trait, like that of most complex traits, is due to many genes of very small effect (e.g. \cite{Chabris_2015}, \cite{Plomin_2012}). The second is that the original estimates of heritability have been inaccurate, thereby misleading researchers into searching for genes to explain the heritability of IQ, when in fact such heritability estimates may be fatally confounded by environmental factors.\cite{Feldman2018} Distinguishing between these possibilities is difficult, but if the first explanation is true, then we should see a relatively high rate of replication of associations, especially with such higher-powered studies as are needed to detect the expected small effects.\cite{Chabris_2015}In this paper I aim to comprehensively assess whether GWASs of intelligence have generated replicable findings. In doing so, I hope to shed light on the extent to which genetic associations with intelligence reported in GWASs are false positives, as is known to be the case with many candidate gene studies,\cite{Chabris_2012} or whether the identified SNPs in GWASs actually contribute to differences in human intelligence. I will also examine other patterns in the GWAS literature on intelligence, such as whether these studies are done on populations of diverse ancestries, and whether there is a "winner's curse" in this literature with earlier studies reporting stronger associations than later ones.\cite{Xiao2009}MethodsOn April 7, 2019, I downloaded all data on the GWAS Catalog\cite{Buniello2019} for the trait of "intelligence" (URL: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/efotraits/EFO_0004337). This was done simply by clicking the button on the page linked in the previous sentence labeled "Download Catalog Data". I then assessed whether these associations had been replicable across different studies, as well as whether there was significant ancestral diversity in the populations on which the studies were conducted.Functional annotationConveniently, the GWAS Catalog database, and data downloaded from it, includes information about the functional status of each SNP (in the "CONTEXT" column). Specifically, it categorizes each SNP (with exceptions detailed in the "inconsistent reporting" section below) into exactly one of the following categories:

It  is easy to argue that open data is critical to enabling faster and more effective research discovery. In this article we describe the approach we have taken at Wiley to support open data and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data with the implementation of four data policies: “Encourages”, “Expects”, “Mandates” and “Mandates and Peer Reviews Data.” We describe the rationale for these policies and levels of adoption so far. In the coming months we plan to measure and monitor the implementation of these policies via the publication of data availability statements and data citations. With this information, we’ll be able to celebrate adoption of data-sharing practices by the research communities we work with and serve, and we hope to showcase researchers from those communities leading in open research.

We propose that cerebral dynamics can be considered as a non-Hermitian quantum system which during a short interval of the cardiac cycle has real eigenvalues. We show that driving the system into PT symmetry is only possible with the help of the active matter changing from a laminar flow into a Ceilidh dance-like flow. During this change, the flow experiences  a transition from broken to unbroken PT symmetries which results in a topological phase. The topological phase is then imparted onto the topological defects which are an essential part of this Ceilidh dance flow. This so-called topological braid could be the basis of topological computing in the brain. Our recent experimental findings in conscious humans have shown that the predicted PT symmetry changes may exist. This is important because it is also related to consciousness underpinning  the computational aspect of the phenomenon. 

by Benjamin RotsteinImaging glucose utilization is a mainstay and the most well-known application of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. If one had to choose a single tracer that headlines the technology, surely many would select [18F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]FDG). But imaging with [18F]FDG does not reflect the total picture of glucose distribution and metabolism in vivo; it mostly tells us about the facilitated glucose transporters GLUTs, and especially GLUT1, which provides basal glucose supply to almost all tissues. Over the last several years, a group out of University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) has been developing radiotracers for the sodium-glucose linked transporters (SGLTs). Methyl [18F]4-deoxy-4-fluoro-α-D-glucosepyranoside ([18F]Me-4FDG) is also a glucose derivative, but is a poor substrate for the GLUTs and has greater affinity for SGLT1 and SGLT2. Similar to [18F]FDG, [18F]Me-4FDG is effectively trapped intracellularly as it is not a substrate for further downstream metabolism and due to low rate of exit through SGLTs.

Emergence of stable sensory and dynamic temporal representations in the hippocampus during working memory Jiannis Taxidis, Eftychios Pnevmatikakis, Apoorva L Mylavarapu, Jagmeet S Arora, Kian D Samadian, Emily A Hoffberg, Peyman Golshani  Posted on Biorxiv,  November 20, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1101/474510 Note: Below is our review of the Biorxiv preprint article by Taxidis and colleagues, "Emergence of stable sensory and dynamic temporal representations in the hippocampus during working memory." There has recently been an interesting discussion about best practices in open peer review. Accordingly, we decided to reach out to the authors with our review prior to posting online. The authors were extremely receptive and engaged and responded to our review. Below our comments are in plain text and author responses are in bold. We are grateful to the Golshani lab, and in particular Jiannis Taxidis, for engaging in open dialogue. Summary In this manuscript, Taxidis et al. recorded sequential activity in CA1 during a delayed olfactory non-match-to-sample task in mice over multiple days. They describe two populations of cells active during the task. One population, termed “odor-cells”, are active during odor delivery and another, termed “time-cells” are active at specific time intervals in the intervening delay between two odor presentations. They showed that classifiers trained on these cells can reliably decode the presented odor and also the time interval on the delay, suggesting that items might be held in working memory by these cells. They also found that odor cells generally are reactivated more across days than time cells, and that temporal and odor information can be reliably extracted (by Bayesian classifiers) up to 5 days later. In additional experiments, the delay was elongated and the authors found that odor cells generally retained their firing field whereas time cells shifted their fields. Over behavioral training, the number of time cells increased as well as odor decoding and temporal interval decoding fidelity, which all correlated to behavioral performance. On the other hand, the number of odor cells stayed relatively constant. Lastly, mice exposed to a passive version of this task with no memory demand showed far fewer time cells and no change in these metrics over days.  The manuscript is a technical tour de force involving complex behavior, learning data, and sophisticated analyses. The results add valuable knowledge to how the hippocampus produces and maintains neural sequences. Particularly interesting is how these sequences evolve while the mice learn the task. Overall, we are excited about this impressive body of data and believe that it would greatly enhance our understanding of encoding mechanisms in the hippocampus. We have several suggestions, though some may have been addressed in the supplemental figures, which we were unable access through the preprint servers.

It has been previously hypothesised that nest predation is higher at forest edges. This has important conservation implications for the increasingly fragmented U.K. climax community. I aimed to test the generality of this edge effect in a mixed deciduous forest fragment which borders open grassland. Artificial nests containing a combination of quail and plasticine eggs were used, at ground and arboreal levels. I found an overall edge effect on nest predation rates, however this effect was not specifically seen in ground nests. Ground nests experienced significantly higher levels of predation than arboreal nests. I suggest this edge effect is due in part to the steep productivity gradient over the ecotone.

Myrbo, A. Yacobucci, P. Lundgren, L., Loeffler, S., and Kirakosian, K. (2018) Diversity and Inclusion: Creating an Equitable Future. EarthRates, Minneapolis, MN. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xW041p44MoXSPmvNLcaBw1UtW4SkIi55/view 

Introduction & Motivation Indications of extant or extinct life in the Martian shallow subsurface can be preserved alongside the evaporitic mineral record within sites where dried ancient lake systems are observed. Biological chemical markers (biomarkers) lose molecular stability over time, and detections of these over geologic time present challenges to biogenic validation. Agnostic biomarkers and the preservation of those in-situ molecules can be aided by biological feedback to ecological stresses that have been interpreted throughout the late Noachian/early Hesperian \cite{Ehlmann_2014,Murchie_2009}. Global desiccation and surface wide UV exposure are the major obstacles to in-situ biological preservation in the shallow crust \cite{Cockell_2000}. Burial of sedimentary material from early Hesperian aqueous sites can provide significant protection from these damaging effects. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the biological feedback from microbial communities preserved within Martian analogue mineralogy. Furthermore, we explore how biosignature preservation pathways can outlast the original biology in slow-changing evaporite mineral records. Geobiological Preservation & TerrestrialBiological Adaptation: Our continued focus is evaporating and dried terrestrial lake beds \cite{Baxter_2018} since that has proven to be ideal for modern and older biogenic preservation (Perl in prep. 2019). Mineral-microbe interactions can produce nutrients and sustained μm-scale environments where nutrient cycling and metabolic processes continue to produce useful proteins that combat ecological stresses found in measured OTUs from amplification of 16S rRNA (Figure \ref{461273}). Stated differently, molecular adaptations from surviving bacteria allow for later generations to better utilize their environments thereby showing significant similarities between ancient and younger prokaryotes \cite{Maughan_2002}. On Earth these similarities can yield to difficulty between relative age dating of bacteria and ruling out “modern” contamination of older mineral samples. Sedimentological relative dating of minerals can greatly assist with regard to preservation of biological material. However continued metabolic processes in preserved settings will lead to taxa differences (via neighbor joining clustering \cite{Saitou1987} when compared to the non-preserved environment. Hence, the need for proper  baseline environmental controls and understanding of contamination either from younger fluids or rock and mineral fracture. Early Peptide ChainsIf an independent origin of life on Mars and accompanying evolution pathways existed, the earliest evolved simple polypeptides may not have had the capacity for adaptation in the timeframe of climate change on Mars. Biochemically though, the very existence of these polypeptides may have been enough to provide feedback to ecological stresses. The timelines of C,H,O,N,P,S, a solvent (water), and environmental conditions overlapping would be the indicator of the duration of habitability. This duration would parallel the adaptability of organisms and the synthesis of more complex peptide chains leading to a greater ability to adapt to the changing Martian surface over geologic time. 

by Salvatore Bongarzone and Verena Pichler

Saortua MarbunSekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Triatma MulyaDate Reviewed: December 13, 2018 saortuam@gmail.com | http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1521-7694 The growth of online education prompts a need for qualitative research about student learning outcomes and teaching methodologies. It also requires the production of specific educational material that is consonant with this educational medium. In addition, practical advice for online educational methods is warranted. This book is a collection of articles that address a range of concerns within online education. The authors do a good job in the critical assessment of the current possibilities that online education provides. It also invites readers to engage in complex discussions about online education in the future. Creativity and Critique in Online Learning is divided into two parts. The first part is concerned with teaching practices. In particular, it examines available online teaching instruments and places online education in a broader context. This section of the book contributes  a detailed analysis of online forums, discusses ways to make online teams work effectively, and explores how popular social networks, such as Facebook, contribute to informal learning. It also discusses what role multisensory learning has in online space, how to use all the senses in online education, as well as how to nurture creativity and critical assessment. This section is of interest to teachers and students alike because it looks at practical aspects of online education and gives useful advice on how to use them productively.The second part of the book focuses on particular online teaching challenges and how to effectively engage them. Online academic cheating, its growth, and various ways to fight this phenomenon are addressed. In addition, it provides help for how to build successful relationships, instill values, and cherish identity in the online teaching community. This section also takes a closer look at massive open online courses and their drawbacks, both explicit and implicit. One of the most interesting articles in this part is “The Move to Online Teaching: A Head of Department’s Perspective” by Diane Preston. This chapter invites readers to examine online education through the eyes of an experienced educator who is concerned about both the teaching process and institutional concerns.Overall, Creativity and Critique in Online Learning is recommended for a broad audience of educators. It contains useful information for teachers who are currently involved in online teaching, scholars, and policymakers in online education, as well as teachers practicing a traditional form of education and looking for interesting and innovative ways to make their subjects more appealing to contemporary students. One of the main pros of this book is that it does not try to present online education as a modern teaching panacea or the only choice for education in the future. On the contrary, the book presents online teaching in an unbiased manner. While it certainly praises the advantages and possibilities online education has for all participants of the teaching process, it also reveals existing flaws and addresses specific dangers of online education.

Saortua MarbunSekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Triatma MulyaDate Reviewed: January 18, 2019 saortuam@gmail.com | http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1521-7694Globalization directly affects all spheres of human activity. Higher education is no exception. Teachers are encouraged to engage emerging technologies and devices in the practice of their teaching with the hope of advancing student learning. The popularity of distance learning is one example of globalization’s reach. Anyone with an Internet connection can pursue higher education. Boundaries and barriers to education are easily crossed through Internet technology. Cooperation across international higher educational boundaries fosters new cooperation among faculty and raises questions about what connotes learning in diverse cultural contexts. Supporting Multiculturalism in Open and Distance Learning Spaces by Elif Toprak and Evrim Genc Kumtepe provides a detailed overview of contemporary cultural issues and complexities in distance education. The book helps teachers, researchers, scholars, and policymakers approach global education from a variety of cultural perspectives.The book is divided into three sections. Section 1, “Cultural Issues in Management and Global Distance Education,” describes the practical experience the authors gained when working in open or distance education environments. For example, this section covers such topics as the influence of gender on educational policies, the role of quality assurance, and the relationship between cultural perspectives and efficient distance learning. Section 2, “Cultural Issues in Theory and Technology,” looks at close cooperation between education, culture, and technology, starting from the rise of the modern digital era to contemporary contexts. It emphasizes how important it is for the educators to “effectively internalize the premodern, modern, and postmodern eras” (1) or risk either losing a necessary contact with their students or misjudging their conduct and aspirations. The important role of virtual culture and culturally-sensitive instructional design principles is foregrounded in Section 3, “Cultural Issues in Instructional Design and Communication.” For example, “Culturally Sensitive Instructional Design Principles for Online Learning Environments,” explores different components of culture in the learning space, analyzes Hofstede’s Theory of Cultural Dimensions, and evaluates other cultural frameworks and their application in distance learning.Supporting Multiculturalism in Open and Distance Learning Spaces is organized to share experiences and find efficient ways to nurture multiculturalism in learning environments. The book will interest both practitioners and scholars as it contains useful information on theoretical approaches to open and distance learning spaces, analysis of relevant studies, and practical advice on how to utilize various aspects of global education. The three sections with their specific foci enable readers to quickly surf the book without having to read every chapter. Each section contains a detailed reference list of literature, which is also an essential benefit of the book.Publish VersionBook Review: Supporting Multiculturalism in Open and Distance Learning Spaces Edited by Elif Toprak and Evrim Genc Kumtepe. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2018. (xviii+1-381 pages, E-book. EISBN13: 9781522530770. $156,00) doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3076-3. | https://www.wabashcenter.wabash.edu/resources/book-reviews/ | https://www.wabashcenter.wabash.edu/print-book-review-as-pdf/?id=212692 | 

We will finish our discussion by the some words on quantum simulation and quantum computation.

[  Child Growth Predicts Brain Functional Connectivity and Future Cognitive Outcomes in Urban Bangladeshi Children Exposed to Early Adversities ]  [Wanze Xie, Sarah K. Jensen, Mark Wade, Swapna Kumar, Alissa Westerlund, Shahria H. Kakon, Rashidul Haque, William A. Petri, Charles A. Nelson, 22 Oct 2018, version #1, biorxiv][ 10.1101/447722 ]PREreview GuidelinesOverview and take-home messages:

The growth of tourism in Bali has brought a variety of positive results for the island, creating jobs for the local community and generating revenue for the development of public facilities. At the same time, however, the virtually unrestricted growth of tourism has put additional pressures on the island’s precious ecosystem and the local community’s spiritual sentiments. The ongoing Benoa Bay reclamation project is just one example of how tourism can cause problems for the local community. Given the problem, this article is a modest academic attempt to deconstruct and analyze the debates around the Benoa Bay reclamation project. Crosschecking the initial research findings with secondary research, this article argues ultimately that the local community rejects the reclamation project because it jeopardizes the bay’s ecosystem, encroaches on the religious sentiments of the people, and diminishes any decision-making power of the local people.

We have performed a large-scale evaluation of current computational methods, including conventional small-molecule force fields, semiempirical, density functional, ab initio electronic structure methods, and current machine learning (ML) techniques to evaluate relative single-point energies. Using up to 10 local minima geometries across ~700 molecules, each optimized by B3LYP-D3BJ with single-point DLPNO-CCSD(T) triple-zeta energies, we consider over 6,500 single points to compare the correlation between different methods for both relative energies and ordered rankings of minima. We find promise from current ML methods and recommend methods at each tier of the accuracy-time tradeoff, particularly the recent GFN2 semiempirical method, the B97-3c density functional approximation, and RI-MP2 for accurate conformer energies. The ANI family of ML methods shows promise, particularly the ANI-1ccx variant trained in part on coupled-cluster energies. Multiple methods suggest continued improvements should be expected in both performance and accuracy.

A spatial code in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleusVincent Hok, Pierre-Yves Jacob, Pierrick Bordiga, Bruno Truchet,  Bruno Poucet, Etienne Save doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/473520Version posted on Biorxiv: 11/19/18In the current work, Hok et al. report the existence of spatial receptive fields in the dLGN of rats that are similar in nature to HPC place fields. The authors demonstrate that dLGN place fields, which make up approximately 30% of extracellularly recorded dLGN neurons, are less stable and more variable (on a pass by pass basis) than their HPC counterparts. Further, the authors show theta oscillations in the dLGN local field potential and the presence of individual dLGN neurons that have theta rhythmic spiking. The authors report that, unlike CA3 neurons, most dLGN neurons do not exhibit theta phase precession suggesting that the dLGN spatial code does not carry sequential information about the animal’s current, past, or future trajectories. Finally, Hok and colleagues show that a sub-population of dLGN neurons can be modulated by visual stimulation but that this population does not overlap with neurons that exhibit place fields. Interestingly, dLGN place fields are insensitive to the presence or absence of visual information (as determined by similarity in responses in recordings from light vs. dark conditions) but remap when the color of the environment is altered (from all white to all black).  By and large the results are robust and the reported findings will be of interest to researchers considering interactions between different forms of neural spatial representations and visual information. Further, the observation of spatial receptive fields in the dLGN raises important questions about fundamentals of visual processing. We enjoyed the manuscript and have the following suggestions for the authors.Major suggestions: • There is little discussion about dLGN visual sensitivity in the rat despite there being extensive literature on the subject. There is known retinotopy in dLGN (see for example, Montero et al. 1968). How, if at all, does this relate to the spatial response properties of dLGN neurons? For example, is there any correspondence between neurons that would be sensitive to the lower half of the visual field and remapping in the light vs. dark arena conditions? A similar question could be raised regarding the object sensitive sub-population. The authors should attempt to address the relationship between their observations and visual sensitivity of dLGN in more detail. • The object sensitive sub-population is intriguing, but the details concerning this finding are ambiguous. It is mentioned briefly in the main manuscript but the percentage of neurons exhibiting this tendency is unclear, even when examining the extended data concerning this observation. As a result, the reader is left a bit distracted by this information, especially when considering that object sensitive neurons are not place cells. The authors should consider presenting this component of the manuscript in greater detail. • The visual stimulation experiment is posed as a control for determining that dLGN place cells were indeed recorded in a visually sensitive area (dLGN), but this experiment was not conducted for CA3 neurons. How can we know for certain that the visual stimulation protocol wouldn’t have elicited modulation in CA3 neurons as well, thus rendering this component of the study inconclusive? • Tissue can often become displaced for extended periods of time when moving tetrodes along the D/V axis. How confident are the authors in the correspondence between their tetrode turning records and final tetrode placement? The waveform related analyses are pretty convincing and seems to cluster nicely into two groups, but waveform shape is not a definitive metric for determining the location of a recorded neuron. Is it possible to record from dLGN without moving electrodes through the hippocampus first? It would be helpful if the authors could provide more histology so readers can examine for themselves how displaced CA3 tissue was. • It seems that LFPs were primarily referenced to another tetrode. Instead, LFPs should be referenced against an electrode outside of either the hippocampus or dLGN such as a skull screw above the cerebellum. Because of the current referencing scheme and many other factors, theta oscillations recorded in the dLGN could be explained by volume conduction yet this is not considered. These issues may be of great importance to the theta phase precession analysis. Did the authors attempt to look at phase precession for dLGN place cells against both HPC LFPs as well as dLGN LFPs? If not, this would be an important analysis to consider. • No power spectral density plots are shown for theta oscillations in CA3 and dLGN. It would be interesting to see if the dLGN theta peak in the power spectrum is broader compared to CA3, which might explain the higher theta frequency and would also affect phase-related analyses. Additionally, a consideration of speed related modulation of theta dynamics should likely be included. Minor Concerns: • Table 1 should include a #/% of cells which were “object specific” • Re Overdispersion analysis (line 460): A linearly scaled Poisson distribution will itself be poisson distributed, not normal, with the approximation being more valid at higher firing rates. The Z value described here will therefore be biased to higher values for lower firing rate neurons. Because of this, it is unclear if the results in lines 90-92 are artificially strong or weak. If thalamic neurons have a higher firing rate than CA3 neurons, they may have an even higher difference in dispersion than reported. A consideration of percentiles rather than standard deviations would likely be revealing. • Quantification of the object rotation sub-experiment (lines 144-147) should be included in the main manuscript text. • More details on the properties of theta modulation in dLGN should be presented. What percentage of dLGN neurons had peaks in the theta frequency range in the FFT of their spike train autocorrelations (i.e. how many were significantly theta rhythmic)? What percentage of dLGN neurons were theta phase locked and was there a bias to a particular theta phase? Was theta oscillatory activity for single dLGN neurons modulated by running speed? • Was a velocity filter used when creating spatial firing rate maps? In a related point, did the authors examine potential differences in mobile vs. immobile activation for dLGN vs. HPC? • Perhaps we missed it, but what size was the smoothing kernel for 2D ratemaps (in cms)? • Did the authors examine the spatial distribution of dLGN place fields and, if so, were they uniformly distributed? It would be interesting to know if the fields clustered near objects for example. • The explanation of the “field index” metric is difficult to understand in the methods and should be clarified if possible. Figure 2:  The color-coded pass index trajectory plots are not very informative because the dots are all layered on top of each other. Authors could do one or multiple of the following to enhance interpretation: make the dots smaller, make the dots transparent, make the color map sequential rather than qualitative. It would also be helpful to provide an “n” of the number of place cells in each region in Fig 2g. Figure 3:  The close up of a single pass in the upper right corner of sub-plots 3b and 3c are confusing. The legend could be revised to clarify what we are looking at. In general, we are a bit unclear as to why the close up of a single pass is necessary. Are we supposed to see rhythmic activity in the spikes? The close up of a single pass is not useful for this because the rat may not be moving at a constant velocity. It may be the case that the spike train above is sufficient. - BU NeuroPreprint JC

Tam Hunt [1], Jonathan SchoolerUniversity of California Santa Barbara Synchronization, harmonization, vibrations, or simply resonance in its most general sense seems to have an integral relationship with consciousness itself. One of the possible “neural correlates of consciousness” in mammalian brains is a combination of gamma, beta and theta synchrony. More broadly, we see similar kinds of resonance patterns in living and non-living structures of many types. What clues can resonance provide about the nature of consciousness more generally? This paper provides an overview of resonating structures in the fields of neuroscience, biology and physics and attempts to coalesce these data into a solution to what we see as the “easy part” of the Hard Problem, which is generally known as the “combination problem” or the “binding problem.” The combination problem asks: how do micro-conscious entities combine into a higher-level macro-consciousness? The proposed solution in the context of mammalian consciousness suggests that a shared resonance is what allows different parts of the brain to achieve a phase transition in the speed and bandwidth of information flows between the constituent parts. This phase transition allows for richer varieties of consciousness to arise, with the character and content of that consciousness in each moment determined by the particular set of constituent neurons. We also offer more general insights into the ontology of consciousness and suggest that consciousness manifests as a relatively smooth continuum of increasing richness in all physical processes, distinguishing our view from emergentist materialism. We refer to this approach as a (general) resonance theory of consciousness and offer some responses to Chalmers’ questions about the different kinds of “combination problem.”  At the heart of the universe is a steady, insistent beat: the sound of cycles in sync…. [T]hese feats of synchrony occur spontaneously, almost as if nature has an eerie yearning for order. Steven Strogatz, Sync: How Order Emerges From Chaos in the Universe, Nature and Daily Life (2003) If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration.Nikola Tesla (1942) I.               Introduction Is there an “easy part” and a “hard part” to the Hard Problem of consciousness? In this paper, we suggest that there is. The harder part is arriving at a philosophical position with respect to the relationship of matter and mind. This paper is about the “easy part” of the Hard Problem but we address the “hard part” briefly in this introduction.  We have both arrived, after much deliberation, at the position of panpsychism or panexperientialism (all matter has at least some associated mind/experience and vice versa). This is the view that all things and processes have both mental and physical aspects. Matter and mind are two sides of the same coin.  Panpsychism is one of many possible approaches that addresses the “hard part” of the Hard Problem. We adopt this position for all the reasons various authors have listed (Chalmers 1996, Griffin 1997, Hunt 2011, Goff 2017). This first step is particularly powerful if we adopt the Whiteheadian version of panpsychism (Whitehead 1929).  Reaching a position on this fundamental question of how mind relates to matter must be based on a “weight of plausibility” approach, rather than on definitive evidence, because establishing definitive evidence with respect to the presence of mind/experience is difficult. We must generally rely on examining various “behavioral correlates of consciousness” in judging whether entities other than ourselves are conscious – even with respect to other humans—since the only consciousness we can know with certainty is our own. Positing that matter and mind are two sides of the same coin explains the problem of consciousness insofar as it avoids the problems of emergence because under this approach consciousness doesn’t emerge. Consciousness is, rather, always present, at some level, even in the simplest of processes, but it “complexifies” as matter complexifies, and vice versa. Consciousness starts very simple and becomes more complex and rich under the right conditions, which in our proposed framework rely on resonance mechanisms. Matter and mind are two sides of the coin. Neither is primary; they are coequal.  We acknowledge the challenges of adopting this perspective, but encourage readers to consider the many compelling reasons to consider it that are reviewed elsewhere (Chalmers 1996, Griffin 1998, Hunt 2011, Goff 2017, Schooler, Schooler, & Hunt, 2011; Schooler, 2015).  Taking a position on the overarching ontology is the first step in addressing the Hard Problem. But this leads to the related questions: at what level of organization does consciousness reside in any particular process? Is a rock conscious? A chair? An ant? A bacterium? Or are only the smaller constituents, such as atoms or molecules, of these entities conscious? And if there is some degree of consciousness even in atoms and molecules, as panpsychism suggests (albeit of a very rudimentary nature, an important point to remember), how do these micro-conscious entities combine into the higher-level and obvious consciousness we witness in entities like humans and other mammals?  This set of questions is known as the “combination problem,” another now-classic problem in the philosophy of mind, and is what we describe here as the “easy part” of the Hard Problem. Our characterization of this part of the problem as “easy”[2] is, of course, more than a little tongue in cheek. The authors have discussed frequently with each other what part of the Hard Problem should be labeled the easier part and which the harder part. Regardless of the labels we choose, however, this paper focuses on our suggested solution to the combination problem.  Various solutions to the combination problem have been proposed but none have gained widespread acceptance. This paper further elaborates a proposed solution to the combination problem that we first described in Hunt 2011 and Schooler, Hunt, and Schooler 2011. The proposed solution rests on the idea of resonance, a shared vibratory frequency, which can also be called synchrony or field coherence. We will generally use resonance and “sync,” short for synchrony, interchangeably in this paper. We describe the approach as a general resonance theory of consciousness or just “general resonance theory” (GRT). GRT is a field theory of consciousness wherein the various specific fields associated with matter and energy are the seat of conscious awareness.  A summary of our approach appears in Appendix 1.  All things in our universe are constantly in motion, in process. Even objects that appear to be stationary are in fact vibrating, oscillating, resonating, at specific frequencies. So all things are actually processes. Resonance is a specific type of motion, characterized by synchronized oscillation between two states.  An interesting phenomenon occurs when different vibrating processes come into proximity: they will often start vibrating together at the same frequency. They “sync up,” sometimes in ways that can seem mysterious, and allow for richer and faster information and energy flows (Figure 1 offers a schematic). Examining this phenomenon leads to potentially deep insights about the nature of consciousness in both the human/mammalian context but also at a deeper ontological level.

The end is near

IntroductionIn this experiment we will explore whether photons emitted from the decay of positronium, a positron-electron composition, are quantum entangled. When talking about quantum entangled particles it is impossible to fully represent the quantum state of one particle independently of another such that if we know one photon from an entangled pair is horizontally polarized then the other must be vertically polarized. We will use this concept along with knowledge from previous experiments on positron-electron annihilation and Compton scattering to try to determine the truth of this model.ProcedureIn this experiment we used two NaI detectors, photo-multiplier tubes (PMT), pre-amplifiers, and amplifiers. Along with two single channel analyzers, a logic gate, a coincidence detector, a high-voltage supply, and a multi-channel analyzer (MCA) and of course two aluminum targets, a sodium-22 radioactive source, and loads of lead bricks. Our source was encased in the center of our detector configuration such that radiation from the source was focused towards both aluminum targets placed opposite of each other with respect to the source. Both detectors were then stationed so that photons coming from the source were detected after a 90 degree Compton scattering from the target. This ninety degree correlation is necessary for proof of quantum entanglement as we expect no coincidences to occur when both detectors are in the same plane do to quantum pairs anti-correlated polarization causing expected scattering to be related by this ninety degree angle. The picture below shows the basic geometry of this set up.

The purpose of this project is to explore whether there is a correlation pattern between the number of banks and banking status, as well as to find the driving factors behind the banking status of New York City residents. The analysis concluded that there is a weak correlation between the availability of banks in a neighborhood and the ratio of unbanked households. The increase in the ratio of unbanked households is mainly related to two socio-economic features: poverty level and unemployment.

The Mexican seas are inhabited by 111 species of sharks \citep{2015}, which represents  21.8% of those recorded worldwide \citep{s2016}. This is possible due to the great diversity of coastal and oceanic habitats on both coasts of the country. Of those species, at least 33 are of commercial interest (\citep{federacin2010} and \citep{federacin2018}) and are fished for the consumption of their meat and fins. The meat has great acceptance in the national market, whilst fins are exported to the Asian market.In Mexico there are official records of shark catches since the late 1930's. In the 1970's,  shark fishing increased exponentially due to the national demand for meat  and the international demand for fins, reaching 35,000 tons per year by the 1990's \citep{a1998}. After a decrease in catches in the last decade, with less than 30,000 tons per year in the current decade, catches gradually increased to 42,704 tons in 2017 \citep{sagarpa2017}.

We all have an album with old photos, a collection of newer digital images and in the future surely we will have many others in more innovative formats. When comparing old photos with recent ones, we can observe how people, society and the environment change over time. Something similar happens with our experiences. We have old images of crucial moments in our history that we store in our album of memories, and we dream of how we want the future to be. From here on, let's imagine that taking a photo at a certain moment in time is similar to collecting information of society and environment for a baseline study.       Years ago, we began to be distant spectators of the relationship between two critical economic activities: fisheries and oil extraction. These two activities take place in the Gulf of Mexico, which includes the coasts of the state of Tabasco. The interaction between both activities is certainly not a voluntary one, but somewhat circumstantial. This fortuitous relationship between fisheries and oil extraction was originated due to the natural wealth specifically concentrated in the Gulf of Mexico. Through the interaction between these two activities, certain concerns have arisen as to how we can maintain the sustainability of oil extraction and fisheries. To observe the evolution and interaction of such economic activities, we interviewed fishers to obtain valuable historical information stored in their memories and experiences. All fishers recognize that one of the main protagonists implicated in oil extraction has always been the Mexican government, under the name of Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX). However, law reforms in 2013 allowed private companies to open new areas of exploitation in the Gulf of Mexico \cite{espinoza-tenorio2019}. The recollected images or historical information gave us an insight as to how different actors modified fisheries and oil extraction. On the other hand, the most recent information collected were similar to "panoramic digital photos" showing all actors that coexist on the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico. Historical and current information were like old and new "photos" taken with the highest possible resolution to observe in detail how both activities modify the landscape. From this information or "photos" we obtained, we could extract relevant data to improve the sustainability of both coastal activities.