Spatial patterns of disconnectivity explain catchment-scale sediment
dynamics and transfer efficiencies
Abstract
While connectivity studies are becoming common in the Earth sciences,
disconnectivity has received much less attention. Sediment storage is
the direct result of sediment disconnectivity and can provide concrete
evidence of the spatial patterns of disconnectivity at the
catchment-scale. In this study we explore the catchment-scale sediment
dynamics of the Tahoma Creek watershed, a high-gradient glacio-volcanic
landscape, within a sediment budget framework and identify and map
sources of disconnectivity to determine if they explain the spatial
patterns and estimated efficiencies of sediment transfers. We found that
up to 80% of the total eroded sediment is sourced from the proglacial
zone. The proglacial zone is characterized by high connectivity
resulting from frequent debris flows and floods, and rapidly responds to
changing conditions. Down valley however, sources of disconnectivity
become increasingly more prevalent, the hillslopes become decoupled from
the channel, and a majority of the eroded sediment is redeposited with
as little as ~15% reaching the outlet. The spatial
distribution of sources of disconnectivity and their upslope affected
areas explains, to a large degree, catchment-scale sediment dynamics and
sediment transfer efficiencies and is in close agreement with
quantitative connectivity estimates. We find that steep, glaciated
watersheds are predominantly disconnected over human timescales and
suggest that disconnectivity is the dominant state of landscapes over
most timescales of interest. Mapping sources of disconnectivity provides
a straightforward and concrete approach to estimating system
disconnectivity and can increase confidence when paired with
quantitative indices.