Abstract

ion The rise of new areas of information technology and the ever-increasing significance of interactive features in e-learning environments have inspired adaptive e-learning. Although researchers have been working incessantly for the past 20 years to include intelligent and adaptive elements in e-learning software, these features are typically ad hoc and only serve partial views. Due to the lack of a unified structure, framework, or standard, many adaptive e-learning perspectives frequently have characteristics that are repeated and overlapped with one another. The main elements of adaptive e-learning are identified in this paper, along with their unique viewpoints. We present a succinct overview of the approaches in use for the various adaptive aspects of these components. Additionally, we also present a hierarchical structure of several adaptive e-learning components, which serves as a framework for this review study.