Adenosine has been getting increasing attention due to its positive role in immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, and anti-cancer, etc.. The low production of Ganoderma adenosine is a bottleneck for clinical trials and commercial applications. Regulating the expression of key biosynthetic gene is an optimized way to increase the adenosine production in submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidum. In this study, we correlated the expression of adenosine synthase genes (including GlATIC, GlPNP, GlADK) with the adenosine content. The results showed that GlPNP was positively correlated with Ganoderma adenosine contents. Then the key biosynthetic gene GlPNP was cloned, characterized and overexpressed in G. lucidum. The cDNA of GlPNP gene was 969-bp in length, with a predicted molecular weight of 34.6 kDa. The GlPNP displayed a trimeric quaternary structure. The transcript levels of GlPNP overexpression transformants were approximately 2.9-3.9-fold higher than those of the WT strains on day 4, while the adenosine contents were increased by 78% and 63%, respectively, by compared with vector-containing strain. The GlPNP overexpression strains showed decreased colony growth and reduced biomass. In conclusion, GlPNP gene overexpression is an effective strategy to improve the production of adenosine. This study is the first report about the manipulation of adenosine biosynthesis in medicinal fungi.