In this paper, the ultra high-cycle bending vibration fatigue performance of TC17 titanium alloys under corrosion environment and laser shock was studied by using a new loading method. The results show that the ultra high-cycle fatigue performance of TC17 titanium alloys has no fatigue limit in the traditional sense and different surface processing has different effects on the ultra high-cycle fatigue properties of TC17 titanium alloys. The ultra high-cycle fatigue performance of TC17 under corrosion environment did not decrease significantly, but the ultra high-cycle fatigue performance of TC17 strengthened by laser shock treatment could be greatly improved. With the SEM analysis, it was found that the specimen crack initiation showed two modes: surface and sub-surface, which was independent of the internal inclusions and defects. No sign of internal crack initiation was found and the sub-surface crack propagation did not show “fish-eye”.