Abstract
Although Earth’s troposphere does not superrotate in the annual-mean,
for most of the year – from October to May – the winds of the tropical
upper troposphere are westerly. We investigate this seasonal
superrotation using reanalysis data and a single-layer model for the
winds of the tropical upper troposphere. The temporal and spatial
structures of the tropospheric superrotation are characterized, and the
relationships of the superrotation with the leading modes of tropical
interannual variability are investigated. It is also shown that the
strength of the superrotation has remained roughly constant over the
past few decades, despite the winds of the tropical upper troposphere
decelerating (becoming more easterly) in other months. The underlying
dynamics of the seasonal superrotation are revealed using a combination
of momentum budget analysis and numerical simulations. Momentum flux
convergence by stationary eddies accelerates the superrotation, while
cross-equatorial easterly momentum transport associated with the Hadley
circulation decelerates the superrotation. The seasonal modulations of
these two competing factors shape the superrotation. The single-layer
model is able to qualitatively reproduce the seasonal progression of the
winds in the tropical upper troposphere, and highlights the northward
displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the annual-mean as
a key factor responsible for the annual-cycle of the tropical winds.