Terrestrial ecosystems of Canada store a large amount of organic carbon (C) in soils, peats and plant materials, yet little is known about the C stock size and distributions, both spatially and in various C pools. As temperature rises, C is becoming available for disturbance, decomposition and eventual release into the atmosphere, which makes the quantification of C stocks in terrestrial ecosystems of Canada of high interest for the assessment of climate change impacts and conservation efforts. Here, we use multisource satellite, climate and topographic data and a machine-learning algorithm to produce the first wall-to-wall estimate of C stocks in plants and soils of Canada at 250 m spatial resolution. Our findings show that above and belowground live biomass and detritus store a total of 21.1 Pg C. Whereas the Canadian soils store 313 Pg organic C in the top 1 m, 83 Pg C of which are stored in peatlands, confirming that soil organic C dominates terrestrial carbon stocks. We also find previously under-reported large soil organic C stock in forested peatlands on the boreal shields of Canada. Given that Canada is warming twice the global average rate and Canadian soils store approximately 20% of world soil C stocks in top 1 m, initiatives to understand their vulnerabilities to climate change and disturbance are indispensable not only for Canada but also for the global C budget and cycle.