The impact of Radial and Non-Radial IMF on the Earth's Magnetopause Size
and Shape, and Dawn-Dusk Asymmetry from Global 3D Kinetic Simulations
Abstract
The boundary between the solar wind (SW) and the Earth’s magnetosphere,
the magnetopause (MP), is highly dynamic. Its location and shape depend
on SW dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)
orientation. We use a 3D kinetic Particle-In-Cell code (IAPIC) to
simulate an event observed by THEMIS spacecraft on July 16, 2007. We
investigate the impact of radial (θBx=0◦) and nonradial (θBx=50◦) IMF on
the shape and size of Earth’s MP for a dipole tilt of 31◦ using maximum
density gradient and pressure balance methods. Using the Shue model as a
reference (MP at 10.3 RE), we find that for quasi-radial IMF the MP
expands by 1.4 and 1.7RE along the sun-Earth (OX) and tilted magnetic
(Tilt) axes, respectively, and it expands by 0.5 and 1.6RE for radial
IMF along the same respective axes. When the effect of backstreaming
ions is removed from the bulk flow, the expansion ranges are 1.0 and
1.3RE and 0.2, and 1.2RErespectively. It is found that the percentage of
backstreaming to bulk flow ions are 16.5%, and 20% for radial and
non-radial IMF. We also show that when the backstreaming ions are not
resolved, up to 40% of the observed expansion that is due to
backstreaming particles can be inadvertently attributed to a change in
the SW upstream properties. Finally, we quantified the temperature
anisotropy in the magnetosheath, and observe a strong dawn-dusk
asymmetry in the MP location.