Slide-hold-slide experiments and frictional healing in a simulated
granular fault gouge
Abstract
The empirical constitutive modeling framework of Rate- and
State-dependent Friction (RSF) is commonly used to describe the
time-dependent frictional response of fault gouge to perturbations from
steady sliding. In a previous study (Ferdowsi and Rubin, 2020), we found
that a granular-physics-based model of a fault shear zone, with
time-independent properties at the contact scale, reproduces the
phenomenology of laboratory rock and gouge friction experiments in
velocity-step and slide-hold protocols. A few slide-hold-slide
simulations further suggested that the granular model might outperform
current empirical RSF laws in describing laboratory data. Here, we
explore the behavior of the same model in slide-hold and
slide-hold-slide protocols over a wide range of sliding velocities, hold
durations, and system stiffnesses, and provide additional support for
this view. We find that, as is the case for laboratory data, the rate of
stress decay during slide-hold simulations is in general agreement with
the “Slip law” version of the RSF equations, using parameter values
determined independently from velocity step tests. During reslides, the
model, similar to lab data, produces a nearly constant rate of
frictional healing with log hold time, at long hold times, with that
rate being close to the RSF “state evolution” parameter b, consistent
with the “Aging law” version of the RSF equations. We also find that,
as in laboratory experiments, the granular layer undergoes log-time
compaction during holds. This is consistent with the traditional
understanding of the Aging law, even though the associated stress decay
is similar to that predicted by the Slip and not the Aging law.