Characteristics of North European winter lightning related to a high
positive mode of the North Atlantic Oscillation
Abstract
The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a large-scale alternation of
atmospheric masses between the Icelandic Low and Azores High pressure
systems. It has a strong effect on European winter climate especially in
its positive mode, which manifests itself by above-average precipitation
and severe winter storms in the North Atlantic region. In this study, we
use the World Wide Lightning Location Network data and investigate
properties of lightning which occurred in Northern Europe during a
severe winter 2014/2015, when NAO was in its strongest positive mode
over the last two decades. We found that the diurnal distribution of
winter lightning was nearly random, nevertheless superbolts with
energies above one megajoule surprisingly appeared at night and in the
morning hours. They were concentrated above the ocean close to the
western coastal areas. We show for the first time that winter lightning
in the North Atlantic, including superbolts, were predominantly single
stroke flashes.