Abstract
Most countries around the world including the United States took actions
to control COVID-19 spread that included social distancing, limiting air
and ground travel, closing schools, suspending sports leagues, closing
factories etc., leading to an abrupt shift in human activity. On-road
NOx emissions from light and heavy duty vehicles
decreased by 9% to 19% between February and March at the onset of
lockdown in the middle of March in most of the US; between March and
April, the on-road NOx emissions dropped further by 8%
to 31% when lockdown measures were the most stringent. These
precipitous drops in NOx emissions correlated well with
tropospheric NO2 column amount observed by Sentinel 5
Precursor TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (S5P TROPOMI). Further, the
changes in TROPOMI tropospheric NO2 across the
continental U.S. between 2020 and 2019 correlated well with changes in
on-road NOx emissions (r = 0.68) but correlated weakly
with changes in emissions from the power plants (r = 0.35). These
findings confirm the known knowledge that power plants are no longer a
major source of NO2 in urban areas of the US. With
increased unemployment rate in 2020 after the lockdown combined with
telework policies across the nation for non-essential workers, the
NO2 values decreased at the rate of 0.8
µmoles/m2 decrease per unit percentage increase in
unemployment rate. Across the urban regions we found positive
correlation between S5P TROPOMI NO2 and Suomi NPP
Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) aerosol optical depths
indicating common source sectors for NO2 and
aerosols/aerosol precursors.