Tidally-driven interannual variation in extreme sea level probabilities
in the Gulf of Maine
Abstract
Astronomical variations in tidal magnitude can strongly modulate the
severity of coastal flooding on the daily, monthly, and interannual
timescales. Here, we present a new quasi-nonstationary joint probability
method (qn-SSJPM) that estimates interannual fluctuations in flood
hazard caused by the 18.6 and quasi 4.4-year modulations of tidal
properties. We demonstrate that the qn-SSJPM provides more precise and
stable storm tide probability estimates compared with the standard
practice of fitting an extreme value distribution to measured storm
tides, which is often biased by the largest few events within the
observational period. Applying the qn-SSJPM in the Gulf of Maine, we
find significant tidal forcing of flood hazard by the 18.6-year nodal
cycle, whereas 4.4-year modulations and a secular trend in tides are
small compared to interannual variation and long-term trends in
sea-level. The nodal cycle forces decadal oscillations in the 1% annual
exceedance probability storm tide at an average rate of ±13.5 mm/y in
Eastport, ME; ±4.0 mm/y in Portland, ME; and ±5.9 mm/y in Boston, MA.
Currently, nodal forcing is counteracting the sea-level rise-induced
increase in flood hazard; however, in 2025, the nodal cycle will reach a
minimum and then begin to accelerate flood hazard increase as it moves
toward its maximum phase over the subsequent decade. Along the world’s
meso-to-macrotidal coastlines, it is therefore critical to consider both
sea-level rise and tidal non-stationarity in planning for the transition
to chronic flooding that will be driven by SLR in many regions over the
next century.