Kernel-approximation methods in tandem with efficient online classifiers have proven to be a highly effective solution to the occupancy map problem. In this paper we seek to expand upon the work done in this area. Our contributions are twofold. We demonstrate that a Bayesian logistic regression classifier fails to perform better than the more spartan point-estimator/subgradient descent method. Contrastingly, we show that Bayesian optimisation over the hyperparameters of the model is an incredibly powerful and useful tool for this application.

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_Abstract_ In order to determine what spiral galaxies are composed of, we have to find their mass and their luminosity to produce a mass/luminosity ratio. This will help us determine what spiral galaxies are composed of because we can compare their mass/luminosity ratios to known stellar mass/luminosity ratios. By comparing these two different mass/luminosity ratios, we can determine if galaxies are composed mostly of stellar material. In this report, I will be analyzing 26 different spiral galaxies by finding their mass, their luminosity, and their mass/luminosity ratio. By using these techniques, I will show that only 10% of the total galactic mass is made of stellar material and that 90% of a galaxy is composed of non luminous “dark matter.”

 O  filme, “Je suis Charlie” (L’humeur à mort) os diretores Daniel e Emmanuel Lecont, é mais um registro da nossa barbarie contemporânea que, assentada em ações que compartilham uma obsessão destrutiva que, tanto se expressa no ataque a expressão imaterial do outro, articulada na triade Simbólico, Real e Imaginário, a exemplo do humor corrosivo das caricaturas de  Charlie; como também se expressa  na própria destruição material do outro, a exemplo da qual foi vitima Charlie.A tomada de tais eventos como objeto do cinema faz parte da narrativação que desliza ao longo do processo de requalificação do outro, por meio dde cujas brechas se evidencia a natureza performática do outro que, ora é um aliado a ser apoiado, ora é um inimigo a ser destruido, a exemplo do que aconteceu com Sadam Hussein e Bin Laden.. O filme aludido se insere na construção da narrativa da barbarie generalizada que tem como ponto de partida a invasão do Iraque pelos EUA com a  justificativa incongruente de que Sadan Hussein possuía armas de destruição em massa que constituiria uma ameaça real para todos os estados democráticos, a partir do que se detonou um processo de destruição simbólica e imaginária que se mostrou eficaz na demonização de Sadan Hussein, ainda que carente de evidência empírica. O filme aludido se insere nessa narrativa ao tratar de um evento cuja motivação tem sua origem, em boa parte, nos efeitos da destruição simbólica e imaginária de alguns estados nacionais, a exemplo do Iraque e da Líbio, o que permitiu o retorno de um recalcado que se imaginva destruido pelo processos de institutição desses mesmos estados recentemente destruidos na configuração tradicional.  Esse recalcado são os ódios tribais que na busca de Real inacessivel e, portanto, indestrutível, articula novas identidades simbólicas e imaginárias, a exemplo do Estado Islâmico, entre outros.O paradoxal é que, mesmo todos os protagonistas tendo em comum uma obssesão por um real inacessível, os franceses com sua busca por uma identidade republicana e os orientais por sua identidade islâmica, base para um fandamentalismo que se organiza para praticar e expandir o terrorismo em nome de Deus, que na sua inacessibilidade se constitui o objeto "a" por execelência, uma expressão emblemática do objeto causa de desejo que começa a mobilizar cada vez mais os corações e mentes. («Allahou akbar!»Enfim, temos o enfrentamento de duas violências.  documentam  como, por motivo de religião,  doze jornalistas caricaturistas   do jornal francês “Charlie Hebdo”  em janeiro de 2015 foram  chacinados pelos irmãos Kouachi e outros onze ficaram feridos, no ataque á redação  em janeiro de 2015. De um lado, o ataque dos islamistas radicais chocante por sua brutalidade e que levou milhões de franceses à rua em cidades da França, da Europa e das Américas para protestar, é para os terroristas um atentado à sua lógica, a de que se alimentam dos mortos e que o aumento do seu número justifica e até lhes dá mais legitimidade. Do outro, o ataque de Charles ao simbólico e ao imaginário islâmico, ao retratar na sua charge que  retrata o profeta Maomé, que, de acordo com o islamismo, não pode ser representado através de imagens, o que em sim  já configura uma violência imaginária.      Daí não ser surpresa a ira  que provocou nos fundamentalistas, já tinha motivado o incêndio criminoso da redação do “Charlie Hebdo”, embora o jornal não resuma sua atividade à sátira aos símbolos islâmicos.   Em função disto,  tanto a violência dos islamitas como a dos franceses deve ser lida em três níveis correspondentes á triada lacaniana do Real, do Imaginário e do Simbólico.   No caso de Charles constata-se, em primeiro lugar, há o espetáculo imaginário que dá uma cara ao inimigo invisível, sem rosto, que não hesita em atacar indiferenciadamente a todos, entre  inocentes e culpáveis, militares e civis porque sabem que não haverá retaliação aos homens-bomba, os seus suicidas. Em segundo lugar, há o contexto ideológico subjacente, o nível simbólico do chiste que revela a verdade oculta, não há Deus;  como ficou demonstrado e desgraçadamente continuará a se demonstrar, em nome de Deus se tem permitido e justificado tudo, o mais horrendo e o mais cruel,  mas pela vontade e ação dos homens. Por fim, há o aspecto econômico da cultura e da religião “civilizada”  do progresso em prol dos benefícios globalisantes mais do que com uma redistribuição adequada da riqueza.No caso dos islamitas .... Tudo isso termina no impasse entre, de um lado, a pulsão de morte e do outro, a disssolução das particularidades que tem sua expressão maior na moeda, no mercado, e faz os inconscientes  irromper (ou avisinhar-se) de novo entre os humanos,sejam os islamitas ou os franceses. O que acaba não por fazer da besta o homem, mas do homem a besta: a bosta

Patrick BROCKMANN Software engineer at LSCE (Climate and Environment Sciences Laboratory) Date: 13 November 2015 Release: 0.6 PROPOSAL FOR A STRUCTURED SPREADSHEET FOR PALEO DATA TO INTERFACE WITH THE LINKED PALEO DATA CONTAINER The Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) container based on the Linked Data JSON (JSON-LD) format is a practical solution to the problem of organizing and storing hierarchical paleoclimate data in a generalizable schema. This is an important step forward towards standardizing the representation and linkage of diverse paleoclimate datasets. In this IPython notebook, I have experimental converters to interact with the LiPD container using ordinary spreadsheets. The motivation to create this method is guided by the fact that the paleoclimate community uses mainly spreadsheets to edit and store the data and the metadata of their measurements, and not JSON-based formats. What is missing is a way to convert such spreadsheet-based data to LiPD format and vice versa. Working directly with LiPD has two other disadvantages: 1. JSON notation will never be as easy to edit and modify than a spreadsheet document; 2. The LiPD container refers to a headerless CSV data file which requires the user to continually navigate the nested attributes of the LiPD file in order to figure out which parameters correspond to which columns in the CSV file. Therefore, I propose to stick with the use of spreadsheets but standardize them into a structured spreadsheet where the data and the metadata are stored in two separate worksheets of the same spreadsheet document. The dot notation is used to represent the hierarchical nature of the metadata attributes. Following the nomenclature of LiPD, I call this structured spreadsheet PDS for PALEO DATA SPREADSHEET. With a PDS, users can directly edit their data in an ordinary spreadsheet program like Excel or OpenOffice and later convert them to LiPD, which is a good container for storing data in a document database like mongoDB (since it uses JSON). In addition, I have implemented converters to transform PDS to python pandas dataframes, which are convenient for subsequent data analysis in e.g. an IPython notebook. The Paleo Data Spreadsheet (PDS) structure - 2 worksheets: Data and Metadata. - The Data worksheet presents the data in a matrix with named columns for each parameter and rows for each sample, as in a CSV file. - The Metadata worksheet has 2 columns corresponding to the Attribute and Value of all the parameters described in the Data worksheet. There are no headers. Hierarchical attributes are denoted by the dot notation (e.g. parameter.attribute) in a Attribute column and their values are contained in a Value column. If there is no corresponding parameter in the Data worksheet, then it is assumed that the attribute is global (e.g. filename). - Missing data are left as empty cells. - No comments are allowed in the Data and Metadata worksheets but other worksheets can be added for this purpose. The Data worksheet: The Metadata worksheet: Notes: 1. Currently, pandas does not yet support the reading and the writing of ODS (Open Document Spreadsheets) but there are many requests for this feature and it should be feasible soon (pandas/issue 2311). 2. The LiPD container refers to a headerless CSV file where the data are stored. Each column is therefore referenced only by a column number and is very poorly documented, and this could lead to confusion. I think it would be safer and clearer to use the first row as a header to name the columns by the parameter names. 3. The LiPD container can contain a list object for values, e.g. [{ "author": [{"name" : "N1"}, {"name" : "N2"}, {"name" : "N3"}] }]. It would be simpler to disable this possibility and have only unique values. 4. The spreadsheet cells must be formatted correctly, i.e. numbers cells are specified as number and not text. Same for dates. 5. A compliance checker needs to be built to check that input files conform to the PDS structure, something like the netCDF CF-checker. 6. The working group of PAGES (Past Global Changes) called 2K Network proposes to collect data using a PAGES2k/NOAA metadata template. This template is very detailled but not easilly convertible to other structures such a pandas dataframes or LiPD container. 7. A RESTful web service could be implemented to visualize a PDS file as an HTML page with interactive plots. Bokeh, a python interactive visualization library, would be useful for this purpose. Converting from one structure to another with PDSlib PDSlib is a python module that offers two-way converters for different structures: PDS, pandas dataframes (df), and LiPD container. - ALIPD = PDS_TO_LIPD(FILE, VERBOSE=TRUE) - Convert a PDS to a LiPD container - If verbose is True, warning messages will be printed - LIPD_TO_PDS(ALIPD, FILE) - Convert a LiPD container to a PDS - DFD, DFM = PDS_TO_DF(FILE) - Convert a PDS to 2 pandas dataframes for Data and Metadata, respectively - DF_TO_PDS(FILE, DFD, DFM) - Convert 2 pandas dataframes for Data and Metadata to a PDS - ALIPD = DF_TO_LIPD(DFD, DFM, VERBOSE=TRUE) - Convert 2 pandas dataframes for Data and Metadata to a LiPD container - If verbose is True, warning messages will be printed - DFD, DFM = LIPD_TO_DF(ALIPD) - Convert a LiPD container to 2 pandas dataframes for Data and Metadata, respectively - DF_PLOT(DFD, XCOL, [YCOLS]) - Convert a data pandas dataframe to an interactive plot using xCol and yCols, respectively as xaxis and yaxis - The function relies on bokeh module

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The development of industrial processes involving plasmas is in a phase of rapid expansion. Recently added to continuing development in areas where plasmas have been long used, such as integrated circuit fabrication, are many applications in new domains such as plasma medicine and plasma agriculture, which show tremendous potential for a broad range of societal benefits. [ADD REFERENCES] The attraction of plasmas for these applications derives from the role of the free electrons present in all plasmas. A unique quality of plasmas critical to many applications is the capability of non-equilibrium chemistry; “high-temperature” gas phase reactions occur while substrates remain cool. These gas phase reactions, producing ‘radicals,’ highly reactive neutral and ionic species that react with exposed substrate surfaces, are enabled by an electron population selectively maintained at temperatures greater than 10,000 ∘F through heating by electromagnetic fields. Collisions between molecules in the gas phase and highly energetic electrons cause negligible gas heating but, importantly, lead to significant rates for chemical reactions not possible at or near room temperature without a plasma. The electron temperature, Te, is therefore a key process parameter, since rates for these reactions are strong functions of Te. For some plasmas, Te is not defined because electron energies do not follow a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, and in such cases, we must instead consider the so-called ‘non-Maxwellian’ electron energy distribution function (EEDF). Deviation from the Maxwell-Boltzmann form can have significant implications for the rates of electron-driven reactions, motivating the desire to quantify in detail the energy dependence of the EEDF. The plan described herein to develop advanced diagnostic tools for low-temperature molecular plasmas will make a contribution toward the ultimate goal of “predictive design” of plasma processes, providing a scientific rather than empirical basis for process development and optimization. In particular, we seek to go beyond standard OES (optical emission spectroscopy) by making use of previously untapped potential of the glow emitted by the plasma. in short, our goal is to develop a non-invasive and easily-implemented diagnostic to quantify plasma properties, including electron temperature or EEDF, electron density and dissociation fraction, of central importance to many applications. MENTION COMMUNITY DEMAND - CITE PLASMA 2020, LOW TEMPERATURE PLASMA REPORT, ETC. Diagnostic development will follow two approaches to quantitative OES: molecular gas plasma spectroscopy (with an initial focus on pure oxygen plasmas), and rare-gas plasma spectroscopy in mixtures with molecular gases. Plasma properties measured with the proposed methods have utility for investigation of plasma phenomena, to provide benchmarking of process simulations and to guide development and optimization of plasma applications. Furthermore, fast data acquisition and analysis enabled by quantitative OES raises the possibility of use in a feedback loop for run-to-run or real-time process control. While our proposed research builds on experience gained in developing OES-based diagnostics of rare gas plasmas, if successful, it will contribute non-invasive and easily implemented diagnostic tools in a new domain, that of molecular gas plasmas, applicable to a wide array of plasma process applications. The foundation of our method is a quantitative optical emission model to compute relative intensities of lines and bands as a function of plasma parameters. For each emitting state, the relative intensity computed by the emission model depends on the net rate of excitation to that state and other factors, such as the branching fraction describing the statistical distribution of wavelengths emitted. Central to the model are electron collisions with lower lying states that lead to excitation and have excitation probabilities that vary strongly with electron energy. In addition, excitation by photon reabsorption (radiation trapping) and deexcitation by electron collisions are also included. We determine the values of the plasma parameters as those for which the emission model produces a ‘best fit’ to measured intensities for a selected group of spectral features. Developing an emission model for a molecular gas introduces both new scientific challenges and new potential rewards. Plasmas formed in diatomic gases contain many more species than rare gas plasmas, including atoms, diatomic molecules, larger molecules and metastable neutral species, as well as positive and negative atomic and molecular ions, some or all of which may undergo collisions leading to photon emission. As a result, emission models for such plasmas must include excitation mechanisms not relevant for rare gas plasmas, such as electron collisional dissociative excitation as well excitation resulting from recombination of positive and negative ions. Many of these species are critically important in industrial applications; our goal is an emission model including these mechanisms that enables determination of the concentrations of multiple species. Oxygen has been selected as the primary focus for the development of the OES-based diagnostic. Methods developed will be adapted later in the study to other diatomic gas plasmas such as N₂ and H₂. Low pressure plasmas generated in pure oxygen have technological significance in a number of industrial applications. Oxygen and oxygen containing plasmas are in use or under development for a wide array of applications, including materials applications such as etching of polymers, photoresist removal in semiconductor manufacturing, ion implantation and surface modification. [Ozone? REFERENCES TO BE ADDED HERE] Such processes rely on the interaction of neutral radicals, O+ and O₂+ with substrate surfaces exposed to the plasma. In many applications, achievement of process goals is sensitive to the relative fluxes of the different gas phase species to the substrate surface. Production of ion and neutral radical species occurs primarily through gas phase reactions involving collisions with energetic electrons, so that production _rates_ are sensitive functions of electron density and electron temperature. Nitrogen plasmas are also of technological interest, due to the great importance of nitrogen atoms in material science applications. Nitrogen radical sources have a broad range of application, including in the growth of III–V nitride semiconductor devices such as GaN lasers, AlGaN/GaN and AlGaN/InGaN/GaN heterostructures for light emitting diodes. They are also used in p-type nitrogen doping of II–VI materials as well as in ‘plasma- assisted’ molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of iron nitrides. Nitrogen plasmas are also used in plasma-based nitriding processes such as plasma source ion implantation (PSII) to improve surface wear properties of, among others, artificial hip joints fabricated from titanium alloys. [References] We propose a new outreach activity to increase public awareness of plasmas and their application, in partnership with the Rocket Club at Madison West High School (letter of collaboration included as “supplementary documentation”). Our group will work with Rocket Club members to create a hands-on display with a demonstration and description of ion thrusters for spacecraft propulsion, to be integrated into the club’s existing outreach exhibit. As club participants, West High students engage in rocket competitions, local public outreach events and fund raising to support the club’s activities. The club, founded in 2003, regularly participates in national competitions, including the Team America Rocket Challenge and the NASA Student Launch program, and has won numerous awards. Student members interact with the public through their exhibit at annual public outreach events, including the Wisconsin Science Festival and the University of Wisconsin Physics Fair, as well as visits to schools and other groups. The current multifaceted exhibit includes rockets and payloads designed and built by the club as well as a “build your own” activity; designing and launching pneumatic paper rockets is a popular activity among visitors all ages. The new display will add a working plasma thruster to the exhibit, one that operates at atmospheric pressure and has a modest tabletop footprint, adapted from a recently published design. Operating at 300 watts, the thrust produced will be small, but observable through the deflection of a lightweight object such as a piece of paper in the path of the thruster “exhaust.” Visitors will also get a taste of plasma spectroscopy by looking at the thruster plasma through a diffraction grating; distinct spectral features are expected in the visible portion of the spectrum. Additional diagnostics will include thermal sensors, which we expect to show a comparatively cool exhaust. The diagnostics may be utilized to spark discussions about efficiencies in converting energy sources to thrust; a very important consideration for long distance space travel. The UW plasma spectroscopy group will contribute parts and supplies and will work with Rocket Cub members to build the thruster. In addition, we will work with the high school students to design and print a companion poster to go with the thruster. With an emphasis on graphics and simple explanations, poster topics may include: a) what’s a plasma? b) electric propulsion and principles of plasma thruster operation (no moving parts, no exothermic reactions!), c) comparison between plasma thrusters, chemical rockets, etc., d) current and proposed uses of ion thrusters, such as satellite maneuvering and long-distance space flights, e) examples of other plasma applications.

INTRODUCTION Recently, there has been much interest in the construction of Lebesgue random variables. Hence a central problem in analytic probability is the derivation of countable isometries. It is well known that ∥γ∥=π. Recent developments in tropical measure theory have raised the question of whether λ is dominated by 𝔟. It would be interesting to apply the techniques of to linear, σ-isometric, ultra-admissible subgroups. We wish to extend the results of to trivially contra-admissible, _Eratosthenes primes_. It is well known that ${\Theta^{(f)}} ( } ) = \tanh \left(-U ( }} ) \right)$. The groundbreaking work of T. Pólya on Artinian, totally Peano, embedded probability spaces was a major advance. On the other hand, it is essential to consider that Θ may be holomorphic. In future work, we plan to address questions of connectedness as well as invertibility. We wish to extend the results of to covariant, quasi-discretely regular, freely separable domains. It is well known that $} \ne {}$. So we wish to extend the results of to totally bijective vector spaces. This reduces the results of to Beltrami’s theorem. This leaves open the question of associativity for the three-layer compound Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O10 + δ (Bi-2223). We conclude with a revisitation of the work of which can also be found at this URL: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975CMaPh..43..199H.

The web application at feynman.aivazis.com is an attempt to provide the quality of diagrams that is producible in similar packages with the ease of use and portability that is found only on the web. By allowing the user to create diagrams at any Internet-connected device, feynman aims to be a complete solution for producing and exporting production-ready diagrams with as little effort by the user as possible. The only prerequisite in order to fully benefit from the application is to download the LaTeX drawing package that is used by the system if the diagram is to be exported to LaTeX. [1] [1] This package is available for download at feynman.aivazis.com/package as well as when the diagram is successfully exported to LaTeX.

The ${\rm NO}$ experiment is a long-term experiment looking to study neutrino oscillations using the newly upgraded NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam at Fermilab, allowing for more sensitive measurements than possible before. Following the non-zero measurement of the mixing angle (θ₁₃), there is hope that the collider can now be used to study the neutrino mass hierarchy with more certainity, as well as put a limit on the CP violating phase (δcp). In this paper, I will briefly introduce neutrino oscillations and the planned measurement of the mixing angle and mass hierarchy at ${\rm NO}$ as well as its implications on neutrino physics.

A search for a supersymmetric top decay assuming a 100% branching ratio of $^* \rightarrow \mu^+ \mu ^- b $ is presented using a minimally supersymmetric model at an integrated luminosity of 19.5 fb−1. The datasets were recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC. Using Baysian marginalization, an upper limit on the cross section of this process is computed and a cut off point is calculated below which the data does not support the presence of the target decay. This cut off point was calculated to be around 780 GeV.

AIMS This memo aims to address and update the following level 1 system requirements for pulsar timing with SKA1_Low and SKA1_Mid: - SKA1-SYS_REQ-2961: _SKA1_MID PULSAR TIMING RESOLUTION._ The SKA1_Mid Pulsar timing mode shall have a timing resolution of better than 100 ns. - SKA1-SYS_REQ-2962: _SKA1_LOW PULSAR TIMING RESOLUTION._ The SKA1_Low Pulsar timing mode shall have a timing resolution of better than 100 ns. We will approach this in two ways: Firstly we will look at the maximum timing resolution that can be envisaged as being required for pulsar timing with SKA1 and secondly we will consider how multi-path scattering imposes further limits on timing resolution as a function of dispersion measure.

INTRODUCTION

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About 14 percent of food purchases, or 47 kilograms per person, are thrown away by Dutch households annually. These numbers make households the single-largest contributor to food waste along the entire food supply chain, with an estimated share of 38 percent. Comparing 2013 and 2010, there is no trend apparent that indicates a reduction in household food waste. Several studies explored how the amount of food waste in households is influenced by the way how people organize their household life around the cultural practice of eating as well as their abilities to cope with unforeseen disruptions from everyday life. In this master's thesis I compare and contrast household life and the influence of everyday life for two groups of Dutch households. One group is characterized by households that voluntarily participated in the public engagement campaign "100-100-100". This campaign was not food-specific but focused on generally reducing residual household waste and improving sorting behavior. The other group is characterized by "ordinary" households in the sense that I selected them without any particular selection criteria other than to investigate daily household life. Drawing upon the results of a content analysis of 203 open-ended text responses, I found that 100-100-100 households: (1) adopted simple routines to reuse leftover products shortly after their occurrence or preserved them in the freezer for future use; (2) are characterized by people with an expressed "maker culture" and a positive attitude towards experimentation and do-it-yourself (DIY); (3) experience disruptions from everyday life in the form of well-intended food gifts and donations by friends and family members. These products are usually not part of the household's known "system" and thus introduce difficulties to utilize them. To the contrary, the "ordinary" households in my study: (a) reported far more disruptions from everyday life, that they felt, were outside their control; (b) expressed widely shared emotions of anger, sadness, dislike and discomfort attached to the act of wasting food; (c) were in many situations aware of the cause of their food waste and able to articulate preventive solutions but did not implement these in their daily household life. Contrasting the responses from both groups confirmed that fighting food waste goes beyond the responsibility of the individual household. Existing societal structures in which households are embedded need to be questioned and alternative structures be put forward to create a system that disregards the wasteful use of resources and penalizes individual over-consumption.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this report is to investigate the merging of galaxies paying particular attention to the evolution of their nuclei. It is to study how these mergers lead to increased star formation and accretion of matter into the nuclear black-hole using radio wave observations. Radio observations on these mergers are not easily compiled as radio waves are not affected by frequent dust obscuration within galactic nuclei - which biases the statistical inferences of surveys at other wavelengths. It is important to note that galaxy mergers are postulated to provide a prime source for the detection of gravitational waves. This report will aim to learn more about galaxy mergers using observations that are not detected in the visible and infra-red bands. Through the use of statistical methods, a better understanding of galaxy-galaxy mergers can be obtained when these are studied by making observations across the electromagnetic spectrum. Observations are more easily obtained in the near- infra-red, visible and x-ray wavelengths. This means that our current knowledge is only limited to observations made in these bands, leaving much undiscovered. We observe an increase in quasar activity as the separation between paired quasars decreases. Through this observation and results obtained in studies at the X-ray band, we observe that indeed AGN merging events lead to enhanced radio jet activity.

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PV power forecast could mitigate the effects of high solar power injection into the Electricity Grid. Two main methods are currently used for PV power generation forecast. A deterministic approach that uses physical based models requiring detailed PV plant information. A data-driven approach based on statistical or stochastic machine learning techniques needing historical power measurements. The main goal of this work is to analyze the accuracy of these different approaches. Two original deterministic and a stochastic model for day ahead PV generation forecast were developed and a detailed error analysis was performed. Four years of site measurements were used to train and test the models. NWP data generated by the WRF models were used as input . Additionally a new parameter, called Clear Sky Performance index, is defined. It is the equivalent of the Clear Sky index for PV power generation forecast and it is here used to develop the stochastic model and an outperforming persistence model. The stochastic model not only was able to correct NWP bias errors, but also provides a better transposition. The deterministic approach leads to a skill score of 35% with respect to the persistence model, while the stochastic approach provides a skill score of 39%.

ABSTRACT There is renewed interest in the Alcubierre Drive prompted by interferometer experimentation conducted by Harold White in NASA Eagleworks Lab. We attempt to replicate the research used by White to develop the same experiment and attempt to achieve similar results. Although the metric proposed by Alcubierre appears to be valid, it is dogged by a number of questions regarding its physical realizability. Because White does not publish his calculations for space-time warping caused by electromagnetic energy, we research and derive our own sensitivity requirements for detecting warp fields. We provide a basis for modeling warp field experiments. Examination of methods included gravitational wave detection through the use of laser, atom, and neutron interferometry as well as resonant-mass detectors while maintaining the primary requirement that the experiment must fit in a tabletop. We found that a resonant-mass detector made of a high frequency phonon trapping acoustic cavity (Goryachev & Tobar, 2014; sensitivity of 10−22 Hz) was the most feasible instrument to perform tabletop experimentation. Measuring high-frequency gravitational waves was the simplest approach to measuring results. Additionally, using the Gertsenshtein equation for converting electromagnetic energy to gravitational waves, we calculate that the magnetic flux density of an electric clock is well within the sensitivity range of Goryachev & Tobar’s device (approximately 10−18 Hz), opening the possibility for small scale experimentation. After establishing experimental requirements, we propose two experiments to further advance Alcubierre experimentation: 1) a proof of spacetime warping sensitivity using an electromagnetic source; and 2) a scalable quantum optical squeezing technique for producing negative energy densities built on work by E. Davis et al., O. Firstenberg et al., and L. H. Ford et al.

Before outlining the code, we note, in the hopes of not belaboring the point, that image processing is only possible if we are granted the images. Besides the science images we need the biases and flats. We collected the images at Maunt Laguna Observatory on September 29, 2015. Below is our Python code to process them. In other words, to extract the science, to hopefully toss away the noise and the telescope imperfections which are manifest in the raw science images. First, we import the necessary methods and create the lists which we will populate and manipulate. What follows below are the functions and their brief explanations.

ABSTRACT A novel, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, pleomorphic yellow-orange bacterial strain was isolated from a stadium seat. Strain CoronadoT falls within the _Erythrobacteraceae_ family and the genus _Porphyrobacter_ based on 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis. This strain has Q-10 as the predominant respiratory lipoquinone, as do other members of the family. The fatty acid profile of this strain is similar to other _Porphyrobacter_, however CoronadoT contains predominately C18:1ω7cis and C16:0, a high percentage of the latter not being observed in any other _Erythrobacteraceae_. This strain is catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, can grow from 4-28 °C, at NaCl concentrations 0.1-1.5%, and at pH 6.0-8.0. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic data presented in this study, strain CoronadoT represents a novel species in the _Porphyrobacter_ genus for which the name _Porphyrobacter mercurialis_ sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is CoronadoT (=DSMZ 29971, =LMG 28700).

ABSTRACT The current work provided an educational example of electroencephalography (EEG) data analysis for a simple arithmetic task. One volunteer performed a paradigm in blocks of six seconds, alternating rest and task periods, in which the calculations to be performed were shown on a computer screen. Data was acquired with a 16 channel dry-electrodes system at a 256 Hz sampling rate and the analysis was made using MATLAB software and EEGLAB. With a simple filtering of the data to specific frequency EEG bands: delta, theta, alpha and beta; results related to the task were found and discussed. Comparing with other results found in the scientific literature is telling of the complexity of the task and the short-comings in the experimental setup.

ABSTRACT AND KEY WORDS AIM: This study aimed to the reporting and utilization of methodological quality measures in addressing low quality and risk of bias in major oncology journals. METHODS: We performed a search of systematic reviews from high impact factor journals in oncology from 2007 to 2015 through PubMed. Covidence was used to screen articles based on the title and abstract. The methodological quality and reporting of risk of bias were evaluated by three rounds of coding from two independent reviewers using the same checklist. Differences in assessment were resolved through group consensus. RESULTS: Quality assessment was examined in 182 articles after exclusion. Quality or risk of bias assessment was assessed in 48% of articles. More common were tools adapted from authors’custom sources (23%), others (14%), and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (13%). Low quality or high risk of bias studies was detected in 40 studies. Subgroup analysis was conducted in 14%, meta-regression in 10%, and sensitivity analysis in 21%. Low quality or risk of bias were not reported in 32 studies. Quality measures were articulated in narrative format (44%), not at all (44%), or in a combination of tables and figures (12%) . CONCLUSIONS: Quality and risk of bias were assessed in only half of systematic reviews; moreover, when addressed, the methods of assessment were more commonly determined by the authors rather than following recommended guidelines. This analysis provides further evidence for inconsistent quality measure reporting for clinical findings in oncology manuscripts. Differences between bias assessment and quality reporting could misrepresent intervention results in oncology journals. KEYWORDS: meta-analysis;oncology;quality; risk of bias;systematic review INTRODUCTION The use of systematic reviews and meta-analyses has become increasingly important in evidence-based medicine as clinicians seek reliable information on treatments and care guidelines in their medical practice . Since systematic reviews synthesize evidence from multiple studies, clinicians are able to better understand the individual trials comprising the review as well as the efficacy of the therapy summarized across all available, relevant evidence. One essential feature that lends confidence to the findings of a review is an appraisal of the methodology of studies comprising the review. In cases where systematic reviewers have concluded that primary studies are of high methodological quality or have low potential for biased outcomes, clinicians can have more confidence in the study findings. For example, Yang et al. evaluated the toxicity and efficacy of chemotherapy plus cetuximab in relation to chemotherapy alone in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. The systematic review comprised of four trials. A risk of bias assessment of these trials was conducted, and the authors concluded that risk of bias was low for overall survival and one-year survival rates but high for all other outcomes due to a lack of blinding. Hence, the reviewers concluded that chemotherapy plus cetuximab was better than chemotherapy alone for improving overall survival; the risk of bias assessment played an important role in the interpretation of the summary effect. Many scales are designed in response to concerns regarding methodological quality among primary studies; however, recent evidence indicates scales may not be the best way to appraise studies . Rather, certain design features should be reviewed to provide a clearer picture of bias in trials .The _Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Interventions_ is continually updated to improve the assessment of methodological quality in clinical studies and advocates for appraising the risk of bias of all primary studies included for review . Major reporting guidelines for systematic reviews have been published and suggest some form of quality appraisal. The first guideline, published in 1996, was referred to as the Quality of Reporting of Meta-Analyses (QUORUM) and advocated use of a methodological quality measures tool for appraisal. More recently, however, QUORUM’s predecessor, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), called for evaluating the risk of bias of primary studies. This recommendation, consistent with the Cochrane Collaboration, accounts for criticisms of the quality scales, including that certain components of these tools often have no known role in contributing to the validity of findings, such as whether investigators reported oversight by an institutional review board. Inclusion of such items can artificially inflate the overall quality score of a particular study. Despite a clear move toward progress in this area, there are still significant differences in quality assessment practices between systematic reviews . In fact, little is known about the application of methodological quality or risk of bias measures in clinical specialties like oncology. To address this issue, we conducted a study of the oncology literature to assess how often quality and risk of bias assessments were used in oncology systematic reviews, determine the prevalence of approaches reported by the authors, and examine the ways that such evaluations are incorporated into the reviews. METHODS Search criteria and eligibility Using the h5-Index from Google Scholar Metrics, we selected the six oncology journals with the highest index scores. We searched PubMed search using the following search string: ((((((“Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology”[Journal] OR “Nature reviews. Cancer”[Journal]) OR “Cancer research”[Journal]) OR “The Lancet. Oncology”[Journal]) OR “Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research”[Journal]) OR “Cancer cell”[Journal]) AND (“2007/01/01”[PDAT] : “2015/12/31”[PDAT]) AND “humans”[MeSH Terms]) AND (((meta-analysis[Title/Abstract] OR meta-analysis[Publication Type]) OR systematic review[Title/Abstract]) AND (“2007/01/01”[PDAT] : “2015/12/31”[PDAT]) AND “humans”[MeSH Terms]) AND ((“2007/01/01”[PDAT] : “2015/12/31”[PDAT]) AND “humans”[MeSH Terms]). This search strategy was adapted from a previously established method that is sensitive to identifying systematic reviews and meta-analyses (Montori 2005). Searches were conducted on May 18 and May 26, 2015. SCREENING AND DATA EXTRACTION We used Covidence (covidence.org) to initially screen articles based on title and abstract. To qualify as a systematic review, articles had to summarize evidence across multiple studies and provide information on the search strategy, such as search terms, databases, or inclusion/exclusion criteria . Meta-analyses were classified as quantitative syntheses of results across multiple studies (Onishi 2014). Two screeners independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of each citation and made a decision regarding its suitability for inclusion based on the definitions previously described. Next, the screeners held a meeting to revisit the citations in conflict and arrive at a final consensus. Following the screening process, full-text versions of included articles were obtained via EndNote. To standardize the coding process, an abstraction manual was developed and pilot tested. After completing this process, a training session was conducted to familiarize coders with abstracting the data elements. A subset of studies was jointly coded. After the training exercise, each coder was provided with three new articles to code independently. Each coder was next assigned an equal subset of articles for data abstraction. We coded the following elements: a) whether methodological quality or risk of bias was assessed, and if so the tool used; b) whether authors developed a customized measure; c) whether methodological quality was scored, and if so, what scale was used; d) whether authors identified high risk of bias or low-quality studies; e) whether high risk of bias or low-quality studies were included in the estimation of summary effects; f) how risk of bias or quality appraisal information was presented in the article; and g) whether follow-up analyses were conducted to explore the effects of bias on study outcomes (such as subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, or meta-regression). DATA ANALYSIS We performed a descriptive analysis of the frequency and percent use of quality assessment tools used, types of tools, types of scales used, how the quality information was presented, and types of methods used to deal with risk of bias or low quality. In assessing the types of tools used to measure quality, we created some additional categories to account for the variations in approaches. We coded an appraisal as “author’s custom measure” if authors described their own approach to evaluating study quality. In situations where the author used a quality assessment method adapted from another study, we coded this as “adapted criteria.” Some studies indicated (either in the abstract or from the methods section) that methodological quality was assessed, but there was no specific detail beyond this generic statement. These were coded as “unspecified.” Statistical analyses were performed with STATA version 13.1 software (State Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA). RESULTS The PubMed search resulted in 337 articles from four journals. After screening titles and abstracts, 79 were excluded because they were not systematic reviews or meta-analyses. An additional 76 articles were excluded after full text screening. Two articles could not be retrieved after multiple attempts. A total of 182 articles were included in this study (Figure 1). Methodological quality or risk of bias assessment was conducted in 42% (77/182) of systematic reviews. Of the 77 articles where assessment of methodological quality or risk of bias was identified, 51.95% (40/77) found either low methodological quality or high risk of bias in primary studies comprising systematic reviews. Studies with an unclear risk of bias or unknown methodological quality were reported in 41.56% (32/77) of reviews; Five cases (6.49%) reported no issues with study quality or risk of bias. The most common approaches to evaluating risk of bias or methodological quality were those designed by authors (23.4%, 18/77). The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was the most commonly reported standardized measure used by systematic reviewers (14.3%, 11/77), followed by the Newcastle–Ottawa scale (10.4%, 8/77), the Jadad scale (10.4%, 8/77), QUADAS-2 (5.19%, 4/77), and QUADAS (3.9%, 3/77). Measures adapted from previous work were reported by 13% (10/77). Other measures used only once are reported in Table 1 and represented 10.4% (8/77) of the approaches used. There were 25 studies with low quality or high risk of bias that were included with (78%, 35/45).From included studies, subgroup analysis was conducted in 13%, 11/77). Meta regression was used to address bias and quality problems in 9% of the 45 articles that assessed quality. Sensitivity analysis was used to address bias and quality reporting issues in 18% of studies analyzed. We examined the scales by which reviewers scored or categorized studies. This information was reported in 56 systematic reviews. For risk of bias assessments, the high/medium/low format was used most commonly (20%, 11/56) followed by high/low/unclear (14%, 8/56). Methodological quality was most commonly assessed using a 0-5 point scale (16.07%, 9/56) followed by Good/Fair/Poor (7.14%, 4/56) and 1-9 point scale (5.36%, 3/56). Methodological quality information was articulated largely in narrative format (44%, 34/77) or not at all (44%, 34/77). Additional forms of presentation included combinations of figures and narratives (5%, 4/77) . The combination of table and narrative was also used more than single formats of presentation (3%, 2/77). Single formats of presentation either as a table or figure were used more than the combination of all three forms of presentation (3%, 2/77). The combination of tables, figures, and narrative was used in 1% of assessed articles. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION This study provides a comprehensive and recent assessment of methodological quality and risk of bias assessment in oncology journals. Our main findings indicate that reporting of quality assessment in systematic reviews and meta-analyses in major oncology journals is moderate to low, with actual assessment of methodological quality being present in only 48% of studies. This is low in comparison with similar studies assessing frequency of risk of bias evaluations. Hopewell et al., for example, found that 80% of non-Cochrane reviews reported methods for evaluating methodological quality or risk of bias. The inclusion of studies with high risk of bias or low quality in deriving summary effects was also an issue, with 76% of studies in our sample including such studies in calculating results; however, this is comparable with the proportion of trials with high risk of bias included in previous studies. Hopewell et al. reported that 75% of trials in their study contained one or more trials with a high risk of bias . It should be noted that Hopewell et al. used the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, which is known for its stringent adherence to Cochrane guidelines, of which risk of bias evaluations are a routine part. This may contribute to differences between our findings and theirs. Despite the presence of high risk of bias or low quality studies, most review authors did not conduct a further analysis to explore the influence of bias on study outcomes. Perhaps more interesting was the number of systematic reviews reporting an assessment of study quality, but leave the reader to wonder what had become of those evaluations. A significant number included such studies without further mention of the quality of evidence. Narrative styles of presenting information for quality assessment were the most common means of presenting this information; however, the use of a table format would provide readers with easier access to quality or risk of bias information. We advocate for a more structured approach, such as tables published in the review, to display such information. Future research should continue to investigate these evaluation practices in systematic reviews in other clinical specialties. While the majority of research has been confined largely to Cochrane systematic reviews, as well as those published in high profile medical journals, there is a need to understand whether systematic reviewers in clinical specialties conduct these assessments and, if so, what assessments they use. Chemotherapy with cetuximab versus chemotherapy alone for chemotherapy-naive advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Yang ZY1, Liu L, Mao C, Wu XY, Huang YF, Hu XF, Tang JL.