The pandemic has triggered worldwide social and economic disturbance, with the leading economic depression from the time when there was a Great Depression. Moreover, misleading information about the virus has spread far and wide; even some public members have raised direct questions about the possibilities of ticks to transmit the virus. These questions have not received a simple solution so far. Thus, the key idea of this paper is to provide hints and hypothesis about the publicly raised questions about the possibilities of ticks transmitting SARS-CoV-2. The approach of the mentioned questions was based on the broader perspective of using the systemic review, where this newly discovered virus (SARS-CoV-2) was put into context with respect to the once mentioned ticks coronavirus-like of Traavik et al., during the 1973-1980 period. The possibilities of ticks to transmit the virus was hypothesized. Proving or disproving this hypothesis for the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 might be possible. Therefore, the role of ticks to transmit the virus needs more attention. This could lead to more efficient measures, to block the rise of another coronavirus epidemic with persistent transmission in humans.

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This report describes the design and fabrication of Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI) and Michelson Interferometers. Variations on the designs include path length differences to observe how the free spectral range (FSR) is impacted.

 Regardless popular demand for mouse models in biomedical research, concerns regarding whether mouse model is appropriate for all human disease studies persist. Mouse and human shares many similar physiological and molecular features. Nevertheless, the distinct difference between the two spices at molecular level can not be ignored, particular high attrition rate in phase II new drug clinical trails highlight the lack of comprehensive understanding of molecular and physiological difference between human and mouse. In this study, we have used bioinformatics approach to depict the difference of substrate degradome of DPP4 between human and mouse to gain better understand if mouse model is a good representation of all DPP4 features. DPP4 is an important exo-protease and regulates many important biological molecules including regulating the immune system response, cellular homeostasis and DPP4 is a known therapeutic target for managing type-2 diabetes. We reveals that only two third of human DPP4 substrate degradome has mouse representation, yet only one third of human DPP4 substrates have cleavable mouse representation, which highlights the mouse model may not full reflect the DPP4 physiology in human and urges new studies to reveal DPP4 functions as a protease regulator in human context.

The 2019–20 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic was affirmed to have spread to Bangladesh on March 2020. The initial three known cases were accounted for by the nation’s Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) on 7 March 2020 [1]. As of 9th April 2020, the Government of Bangladesh has reported that there is a total of 330 confirmed cases, 33 recoveries, and 21 deaths in the whole country [2]. In this research, I try to forecast the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh by using a well-known epidemiological model, Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) model.

Vectors of emerging infectious diseases have expanded their distributional ranges in recent decades due to increased global travel, trade connectivity, and climate change. Transboundary range shifts, arising from the continuous movement of humans and livestock across borders, are of particular disease control concern. Several tick-borne diseases are known to circulate between eastern Uganda and the western counties of Kenya, with one fatal case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) reported in 2000 in Western Kenya. Recent reports of CCHF in Uganda have highlighted the risk of cross-border disease translocation and the importance of establishing inter-epidemic, early warning systems to detect possible outbreaks. We therefore carried out surveillance of tick-borne zoonotic pathogens at livestock markets and slaughterhouses in three counties of western Kenya that neighbour Uganda. Ticks and other ectoparasites were collected from livestock and identified using morphological keys. The two most frequently sampled tick species were Rhipicephalus decoloratus (35%) and Amblyomma variegatum (30%), and Ctenocephalides felis fleas and Haematopinus suis lice were also present. In total 486 ticks, lice, and fleas were screened for pathogen presence using established molecular workflows incorporating high-resolution melting analysis and identified through PCR-sequencing of PCR products. We detected CCHF virus in Rh. decoloratus and Rhipicephalus sp. cattle ticks and 82 of 96 pools of Am. variegatum were positive for Rickettsia africae. Apicomplexan protozoa and bcteria of veterinary importance, such as Theileria parva, Babesia bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale, were primarily detected in rhipicephaline ticks. Our findings show the presence of several pathogens of public health and veterinary importance in ticks from livestock at livestock markets and slaughterhouses in western Kenya. Confirmation of CCHF virus, a Nairovirus that causes haemorrhagic fever with a high case fatality rate in humans, highlights the risk of under-diagnosed zoonotic diseases and calls for continuous surveillance and the development of preventative measures.

Parameters and analysis are explored for several Mach-Zehnder Inferometers and one Lattice FIR filter. Detailed design simulations and comparisons with a physical resulting fabricated wafer from University of Washington's nano-fabrication facility are explored.

Introduction 

Silicon photonics provides a method for creating optical circuits using silicon and electronics manufacturing techniques. One important component is the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI). In this paper we propose determining the group index of manufactured MZI by measuring the Free Spectral Range (FSR) and calculating the group index

Introduction The goal of _kinematics_ is to describe the motion of objects. There are many ways to do that in words: “The object is moving to the right and speeding up,” ... in a diagram:

INTRODUCCIÓN MATERIAL Y MÉTODOSDiseño de estudio y selección de pacientes El presente estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética e Investigación del Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", siguiendo la declaración de Helsinki. Análisis retrospectivo de cohorte observacional de pacientes operados entre julio 2013 y junio 2016. Se incluyeron pacientes con índice de masa corporal (IMC) preoperatorio >50 kg/m2 que hayan completado dos años de seguimiento postoperatorio, excluyéndose cirugías de revisión y seguimiento incompleto. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos de acuerdo al tipo de cirugía, Manga Gástrica Laparoscópica (MGL) o Bypass Gástrico en-Y de Roux laparoscópico (BGYRL). Los estudios preoperatorios incluyeron ultrasonido de hígado-vías biliares, endoscopia superior, tratamiento de erradicación de H. Pylori en caso necesario y serie esófago gastroduodenal. Todos los pacientes fueron evaluados por Endocrinología, Psiquiatría, Nutrición, Medicina interna, Anestesiología y se les exige la pérdida del 10% de su peso total antes de cirugía. No se realizó MGL en caso de esofagitis o síntomas significativos (cuestionario GERD-HRQl >25 puntos). \cite{Velanovich2007} La elección del tipo de procedimiento fue hecha por el cirujano (MRJ y BAR) y consenso del equipo multidisciplinario.Técnica quirúrgicaMGL. Se utilizan 5 trócares y se divide el epiplón de la curvatura mayor gástrica con bisturí Harmonico. Se introduce sonda de calibración 36Fr previo al primer grapeo y en promedio cinco disparos son utilizados para la resección gástrica. Se inicia 4 cm proximales al píloro hasta la unión esófago gástrica (1-1.5cm distales del ángulo de His). Con especial cuidado de no seccionar cerca de la insicura angularis o esófago. Sí no hay sangrado activo o fuga demostrada por prueba hidroneumática, no se utiliza material de reforzamiento, ni se sobre sutura la línea de grapas. BGYRL. Creación de reservorio gástrico con capacidad de 30-45 ml, asa alimentario de Roux antecólica de 150cm y asa biliar de 70 a 100cm. Utilizando grapeo línea, la gastroyeyuno anastomosis (GYA) se realiza en la pared gástrica posterior y distalmente en forma de "omega" la yeyunoyeyuno anastomosis (YYA). Con sutura absorbible, se realiza el cierre de enterotomías en una sola capa. Después de verificar la prueba hidroneumática, el asa en omega es dividida entre las dos anastomosis. En caso de evolución clínica postoperatoria satisfactoria, en ambos procedimientos no se practica estudios de imagen en busca de fugas, la dieta líquida azul inicia en el primer día postquirúrgico de la MGL, en el segundo día después del BGYRL y durante una semana se vigila las características del gasto del drenaje. Todos los pacientes son egresados entre las primeras 24 y 48 horas postoperatorias. Durante el seguimiento postoperatorio todos los pacientes consumen suplementación vitamínica y se analizan parametros bioquímicos, incluyendo cinética de hierro, vitamina B12, en los 1, 3, 6 y posteriormente cada 6 meses. Seguimiento De acuerdo a la definición de los siguientes parámetros se analizó la pérdida de peso a los 6, 12, 18 y 24 meses después de cirugía y se comparó entre los dos grupos de pacientes. Se definió el índice de masa corporal (IMC) = peso (kg) / altura * altura (m); porcentaje de exceso de peso perdido (%EPP) =  [(peso inicial – peso de seguimiento)  / (peso inicial - peso ideal)] x 100; porcentaje de peso total perdido (%PTP) = [(peso inicial – peso de seguimiento) / (peso inicial)] x 100; peso perdido (PP) kg = (peso inicial – peso de seguimiento); porcentaje de exceso IMC perdido (%EIP) = [(IMC preoperatorio - IMC de seguimiento) / (IMC preoperatorio - 25)] x 100. El peso ideal se definió de acuerdo al correspondiente a un IMC de 25kg/m2. El éxito de la cirugía se comparó entre ambos procedimientos de acuerdo a los criterios de Reinhold EPP% >50% y Christou IMC <35 kg/m2,\cite{Diniz_2008} después del primero y el segundo año de cirugía.El diagnóstico de las comorbilidades asociadas a obesidad se realizó de acuerdo a los criterios recomendados. DiabetesMellitus tipo 2, definida por la Asociación Americana de Diabetes\cite{2014} = glucosa plasmática >126mg/dL o glucosa plasmástica 2 horas posterior a prueba de tolerancia >200mg/dL o el uso de hipoglucemiantes orales. Hipertensión arterial sistémica, Asociación Americana del Corazón\cite{Whelton_2018} = presión sistólica >140mmHg y/o diastólica >90mmHG o el uso de medicamentos antihipertensivos. Síndrome metabólico, criterios de la Federación Internacional de diabetes \cite{Alberti_2009} = Perímetro abdominal hombres >94cm, mujeres >80cm, más al menos dos de los siguientes criterios: Triglicéridos > 150mg/dL, HDL-C <40mg/dL (hombres) o <50mg/dL (mujeres), presión sistólica >130 o diastólica >85mmHG y glucosa plasmática >100mg/dL o diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo dos.  Apnea obstructiva del sueño\cite{Epstein2009} , definida como índice de apnea/hipopnea >15 eventos por hora en polisomnografía o uso continuo de mascarilla de oxígeno con presión positiva. La remisión de comorbilidades se comparo entre los dos grupos al final del seguimiento. Remisión de hipertensión se define como presión arterial < 140/90 mmHg sin uso de medicamentos. Remisión de síndrome de metabólico se define como mejoría de todos los parámetros diagnósticos sin necesidad de medicamentos. Remisión de diabetes mellitus definida como glucosa plasmática rápida <126mgl/dl sin medicamentos. Remisión de apnea obstructiva del sueño se define cuando se suspende el uso de CPAP. Se analizan las complicaciones postoperatorias tempranas o tardías de ambos grupos y se estadificación de acuerdo a la clasificación de Clavien-Dindo, complicaciones menores (I-IIIa) y mayores (IIIb-IV). (C-D) \cite{Dindo_2004}Análisis estadísticoLas variables continuas son expresadas en promedios y desviación estándar con rangos; las variables categóricas son representadas como número de casos (N) y porcentajes. Se empleó la prueba de t de Student para comparar los promedios de las variables numéricas de manera apropiada. Las variables categóricas fueron comparadas utilizando la prueba de X2 o prueba de Fisher, cuando era apropiado. En todos los casos, un valor de p<0.05 fue considerado significativo. Los cálculos del análisis estadístico se realizaron con el programa SPSS (IBM SPSS estadísticas para Windows, versión 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp).  RESULTADOS Un total de 510 procedimientos fueron realizados entre junio 2013 a junio 2016, 157 pacientes presentaron super obesidad (SO) y super-super obesidad (SSO). Fueron excluídos 21 pacientes por seguimiento incompleto o cirugías de revisión. Los pacientes que completaron el seguimiento de 24 meses (87%) fueron divididos en MGL (N = 102) y BGYRL (N = 34). Características basalesLa mayoría de los pacientes (69.1%) fueron mujeres, el promedio de edad, peso e IMC fue de  42.7 ±8.5 (17-59) años, 150.93±26 (102-250) kg, 56.79±7.2 (50-102.7) kg/m2, respectivamente. En ambos grupos fue caracterizado por el predominio de mujeres. El promedio de IMC de los pacientes del grupo BGYRL fue mayor por  1.04 kg/m2 , sin ser estadísticamente significativo (P = .706).  No hubo diferencias entre la proporción de pacientes con SSO, IMC > 60kg/m2 (MGL 18.6% vs BGYRL 23.5%, P = .53). La incidencia de comorbilidades en la cohorte de MGL fue: hipertensión arterial sistémica 72%, síndrome metabólico 60%, diabetes mellitus tipo dos 51% y apnea obstructiva del sueño 39%. De la misma manera en la cohorte de BGRYL fue: hipertensión arterial sistémica 67%, síndrome metabólico 47%, diabetes mellitus tipo dos 47% y apnea obstructiva del sueño 44%. El promedio de HBA1c preoperatoria de los pacientes diabéticos de ambos grupos fue similar (MGL  7.2 ±1.4% vs BGYR 7.12 ±1.26, P =.80). La tabla 1 no muestra diferencias entre las características demográficas preoperatorios y comorbilidades entre los dos grupos.          Morbilidad postoperatoria  La figura 1 muestra la frecuencia de las complicaciones de acuerdo al tipo de procedimiento. En los pacientes con MGL se presentaron en el 3.9% vs 5.8% de los pacientes con BGYRL (P = .27); ningún caso de mortalidad y no hubo complicaciones en pacientes con SSO. De acuerdo a la tipo de tratamiento, las complicaciones fueron clasificadas de acuerdo a C-D.  Cuatro pacientes de MGL presentaron complicaciones y dos pacientes de BGYRL. Un paciente de MGL se realizó conversión a procedimiento abierto por sangrado transoperatorio que requirió transfusión, 36 días y 4 meses después presentó evento vascular cerebral isquémico y tromboembolia pulmonar, respectivamente. Fue tratado con vigilancia neurologica y anticoagulación (IVa).  Un paciente de MGL 24 días después presentó absceso intra-abdominal por fuga,  tratandose con Nutrición Parenteral Total (NTP) y drenaje laparoscopico (IIIb).  Un paciente de MGL presentó fuga por gasto purulento de drenaje 5 días después de cirugía. Se dio tratamiento conservador utilizándose endoprotesis gástrica tolerada por 4 semanas y posterior alimentación con sonda nasoyeyunal (IIIa).  Un paciente de MGL 3 meses después de cirugía se desarrolla ERGE de novo, durante 24 meses se dio tratamiento con inhibidores de bomba de protones y procinéticos, sin mejoría. Por lo que se realizó conversión a BGYRL 27 meses después, resultando en mejoría significativa (IIIb). Un paciente de BGYRL posterior a perforación intestinal con trocar y fuga de reparación primaria, se realiza re intervención para resección intestinal y anastomosis de íleon terminal (IIIb).  Un paciente de BGRYL 44 días después de cirugía presenta obstrucción por estenosis de GYA tratada con dos sesiones de dilatación endoscópica, resolviendose sintomatología. (IIIa).  En nuestra serie no se presentó ningún caso de mortalidad y ningún paciente con SSO presentó complicaciones postoperatorios tempranas o tardías. Seguimiento de perdida de peso y remisión de comorbilidades La tabla 2 muestra los parámetros de pérdida de peso a los 6, 12, 18 y 24 meses, sin mostrar diferencias estadísticas significativas entre los dos procedimientos. El promedio de IMC preoperatorio fue de 56.6 kg/m2 en el grupo MGL y 57.2 kg/m2 en el grupo BGYRL (P = .70). El  IMC disminuyó a los 6, 12, 18 y 24 meses en los dos grupos MGL vs BGYRL 40.1 vs 41.1, 37.2 vs 38.6, 36 vs 36.7, 35.4 vs 36.1 kg/m2, respectivamente, (P = .33, .17, .49 y .54, respectivamente).  El promedio de %EPP a los 6, 12, 18 y 24 meses fue similar en el grupo de MGL (48.1%, 56.8%, 60.3% y 62.2%, respectivamente) y en el grupo BGYRL (44.9%, 53.8%, 58.3% y 61.1%, respectivamente) P = .16, .20, .66 y .68, respectivamente. El promedio de %PTP en el grupo de MGL fue 28.8%, 34%, 36.1% y 37.2%, respectivamente y en el grupo de BGYRL fue 27%, 32.4%, 35.7% y 36.1%, respectivamente a los 6, 12, 18 y 24 meses (P = .20, .25, .77 y .78, respectivamente). El promedio de %EIP fue ligeramente mayor para el grupo de MGL (52.02%, 61.54%, 65.33% y 67.39%) vs el grupo de BGYRL (48.77%, 58.40%, 64.39% y 66.39%) , a los 6, 12, 18 y 24 meses, respectivamente. La figura 2 no muestra diferencias estadísticas significativas en el %EIP durante el seguimiento. Los parámetros analizados muestran una disminución gradual del peso de manera  progresiva hasta los 24 meses de seguimiento. El éxito de la cirugía durante el primer año fue similar entre ambos procedimientos, EPP% >50% 71% en pacientes de MGL vs 58% en pacientes BGYRL (P =.16), al igual que IMC <35 kg/m2 35% vs 23% (P =.20), respectivamente. Se observó un aumento significativo en el número de pacientes que lograron perdida de peso exitosa en el segundo año en ambos procedimientos MGL vs BGYRL: EPP%> 50% en 79% vs 82% (P = .71) e IMC <35kg/m2 en 50% vs 47% (P = . 76), respectivamente.La proporción de pacientes con remisión de comorbilidades al final del seguimiento fue similar en ambos grupos (tabla 2). El porcentaje de pacientes con remisión de comorbilidades en la cohorte de MGL fue: hipertensión arterial sistémica 66%, síndrome metabólico 85%, diabetes mellitus tipo dos 79% y apnea obstructiva del sueño 87%. El porcentaje de remisión de comorbilidades en la cohorte de BGYRL fue: hipertensión arterial sistémica 47%, síndrome metabólico 68%, diabetes mellitus tipo dos 68% y apnea obstructiva del sueño 86%. Se observó disminución significativa en el promedio de HBA1c en comparación con las cifras basales en los pacientes diabéticos (MGL:  7.2 ±1.4% vs 5.62 ±0.6% P = <.0001 y BGYRL:  7.1 ±1.2% vs 5.73 ±0.9% P = .001). DISCUSIÓN En este estudio retrospectivo observacional, comparamos los resultados a dos años de los procedimientos más comunes realizados en cirugía bariátrica (MGL y BGYRL) en pacientes con SO y SSO. Encontramos que entre ambos métodos no existen diferencias en complicaciones postoperatorias, impacto en la perdida de peso y remisión de comorbilidades.La estratificación del Obesity Surgery Mortality Riesk Score muestra que un IMC > 50kg/m2 es una variable independiente que implica mayor riesgo (OR= 3.2) en cualquier cirugía bariátrica.\cite{DeMaria_2007} \cite{Sarela_2011} De acuerdo a Gould Jon C. et al, los pacientes con SO son de mayor riesgo y los procedimientos como gastroplastias o Bypass son más difíciles de realizar y requieren mayor tiempo quirúrgico. \cite{Gould2006}Sin embargo los pacientes con SO y SSO son los más necesitados de un tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno, es por ello necesario ofrecer el mejor procedimiento con la mejor pérdida de peso y menores complicaciones.  La tabla 3 muestra estudios previos que comparan pacientes con SO y SSO entre MGL vs BGYRL, se muestran los detalles técnicos, resultados de pérdida de peso, remisión de comorbilidades y complicaciones. La mayoría de estudios son retrospectivos, el número de pacientes sometidos a cada procedimiento es variable,  en algunos estudios limitado y en la mayoría las mujeres predominan sobre los hombres. Históricamente, las mujeres han buscado la cirugía bariátrica mas frecuentemente que los hombres y 80% de los procedimientos son realizados en mujeres. Estas diferencias se deben a que las mujeres desarrollan mayor ansiedad y depresión relacionada con su peso corporal, hábitos nutricionales, sedentarismo y factores hormonales. \cite{Taylor2019} En nuestro estudio el 68% de la cohorte de MGL y el 70% de la cohorte de BGYRL fueron mujeres. Un meta-análisis y revisión sistemática mostro que la calibración con sondas >40Fr en MGL puede disminuir la incidencia de fugas sin afectar el %EPP, comparado con sondas de calibración <40Fr \cite{Parikh_2013}. Al igual que en nuestros pacientes en los estudios previos en SO y SSO se utilizaron sondas de calibración entres 36 y 38 Fr. Otra revisión sistemática sugiere que la construcción de un asa de Roux larga podría ser más efectiva para la pérdida de peso en SO \cite{Orci_2011}. El asa de Roux en los estudios previos se realizó entre 150 a 200cm y el asa biliopancreática entre 60 y 70cm; en nuestros pacientes realizamos asa de Roux de 150cm y asa biliopancreática entre 70 y 100cm.  La incidencia de complicaciones postquirúrgicas en estudios no enfocados en SO y SSO muestran que el sangrado se presenta entre 0 y 4.4%\cite{Serrot_2019}, fuga gastrointestinal después de BGYRL y MGL entre el 0.1 y 8.3% y 0 al 7%, respectivamente \cite{Kim_2015}; estenosis de GYA entre el 0.9 al 34%  \cite{King_2019} y la necesidad de cirugía de conversión por enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) refractario posterior a MGL en el 0.6% de los casos\cite{Sweigert_2019}. Las complicaciones  en estudios de pacientes con SO y SSO presentaron sangrado posterior a MGL en el 1.2% de los casos y posterior a BGYRL entre el 1.1% al 1.4% (tabla 3), en nuestro estudio se presentó en el 0.7% posterior a MGL y ningún caso posterior a BGYRL. La incidencia de fuga gastrointestinal después de MGL osciló entre 0.3% al 2.2% y después de BGYRL entre 0.25% al 2.22% (tabla 3); en nuestra serie se presentó fuga después de MGL en el 1.9% y en BGYRL del 2.9%. La incidencia de estenosis de GYA se presentó entre el 2.2% al 3.4% (tabla 3) y en nuestro estudio en el 2.94%. El ERGE refractario posterior a MGL se presentó en menor frecuencia en nuestro estudio (0.98%) que en el estudio de Arapis k (7.6%)\cite{Arapis_2019}; la incidencia de esta complicación a largo plazo incrementa por los cambios anatómicos en la MGL y el ERGE preexiste\cite{Aguilar_Espinosa_2020a}, debido a ello no se realiza MGL en nuestros pacientes en caso ERGE en estudios preoperatorios. La mortalidad después de cirugía  en los estudios previos se presento entre el 0.74% - 1% (tabla 3), en nuestra serie no hubo mortalidad  y no hubo complicaciones en pacientes con SSO.  La incidencia de complicaciones en nuestros casos y en estudios previos se encuentran dentro del rango reportado en estudios no enfocados en SO y SSO, por lo anterior se demuestra que la cirugía no presenta un mayor riesgo en este grupo de pacientes. Un revisión sistemática y meta-análisis comparó MGL vs BGYRL en pacientes con SO y SSO y no se encontró diferencias en las complicaciones perioperatorias (10.9% MGL vs 11.5% BGYRL), ni en mortalidad a 30 días (0.3% MGL vs 0.4% BGYRL) y tampoco en incidencia de fuga gastrointestinal a 30 días (0.3% MGL vs 0.4 BGYRL) \cite{Wang_2019}.  El %EPP 12 meses después de cirugía en pacientes con SO fue significativamente mayor para BGYRL en 4 de 6 estudios (tabla 3). En 2 de 6 estudios reportaron seguimiento a 24 meses, encontrándose mayor %EPP en BGRL en el estudio de Berrencourt-Silva \cite{Bettencourt_Silva_2018}. Al igual que en el estudio de Hong J \cite{Hong_2018}, no encontramos diferencias en el %EPP entre MGL vs BGYRL 12 y 24 meses después de cirugía. El único estudio con seguimiento a 36 meses fue el de Hong J, sin encontrar diferencias en el %EPP entre MGL vs BGYRL.  De acuerdo a los resultados, la máxima pérdida de peso se logra a los 24 meses. En 3 estudios con SSO, el seguimiento máximo fue a 72 meses en el estudio de Arapis K \cite{Arapis_2019}; 12 meses después de cirugía el %EPP fue mayor significativamente en BGYRL únicamente en el estudio de Gonzalez-Heredia.

Definition, background, and challengesX used to work at a firm that dealt with asbestos. He took precautions he knew about his exposure to asbestos. Every day he would bring back home the clothings he used to wear in his workplace and get them washed. Thirty years later, Y, his wife was diagnosed with mesothelioma. Can you guess what happened?Z was a university lecturer. The university introduced open plan office spaces in the university. A few weeks after the open plan office system was installed, Z was diagnosed with severe depression and missed several classes. What could have caused his depression?

Hospital data for covid-19 surveillance, planning and modelling are challenging to find well into the pandemic. Data for new covid-19 admissions are particularly challenging to find. Accurate hospital data are the best source of information for short-term forecasts of health care capacity, and they improve long-term covid-19 models that are typically based on cases. We describe the role of hospital data for studying covid-19, why admission data are hard to find, and how improved data infrastructure can meet surveillance and planning needs over the next year. Critical infrastructure includes a well-maintained list of patients hospitalized with covid-19 that is integrated with public health information systems.

Points that needs addressing:1.title needs evolvingJM: I would say Cas12 in the title: Low-cost, Cas12-based nucleic acid test for enteric fever 2.Kingsley, Minette, could you add your full name in your account settings3.Smitha will figure out to add affiliations 4. We need to synchronize the use of Typhi or Paratyphi, S.typhi or S.paratyphi in the text with italics or without

Environmental systems suffer from multiple interacting stressors. Each stressor can act on different parts of the system and at different time scales. This hampers measuring and predicting the stressors’ impacts on ecosystems. We propose a conceptual method that integrates available data with physical constraints over relevant time scales to predict management outcomes in data-scarce systems affected by multiple stressors. We first predict the combined stressor levels that threaten a management target and then define stressor equivalents to to convert between. These “ball-park” estimates of critical stressor levels help to identify how the threat posed by interacting stressors responds to its management. Our approach assists managers in the decision-making process regarding when to manage a system and how to monitor. We illustrate our concept with a case study of an invaded island ecosystem, yet our approach is useful for other data-poor environmental systems that suffer from multiple cumulative stressors.

                                                                        Introduction Tuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although largely eradicated in most developed countries in the Western Hemisphere, it is still a prevalent endemic in many underdeveloped countries, and an affliction to a large population of Nepal. Due to its persisting existence in countries like Nepal, it is of  paramount importance to find the root cause of its prevalence and further the process of lowering the infected cases. In this paper, we discuss the issues regarding the diagnostics of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis, and attempt to find a more effective diagnostic method for the disease in order to cure it in early stages and stop the spread it may cause when gone undiagnosed.     The general process of medical diagnosis for Tuberculosis begins with a physical examination and analysis of medical history of a patient if they present with symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, night sweats. fever, fatigue, a persistent cough that has lasted longer than 2 weeks, chest pain and hemoptysis. It is also important to consider demographic factors (e.g., country of origin, age, ethnic or racial group, occupation) that may increase the patient’s risk for exposure to TB or to drug- resistant TB. Also, clinicians should determine whether the patient has medical conditions, especially HIV infection, that increase the risk of latent TB infection progressing to TB disease. A physical exam can provide valuable information about the patient’s overall condition and other factors that may affect how TB is treated, such as HIV infection or other illnesses. The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) or the TB blood test can be used to test for M. tuberculosis infection. Additional tests are required to confirm TB disease. The TB blood test measures the patient’s immune system reaction to M. tuberculosis. A posterior-anterior chest radiograph is used to detect chest abnormalities. Lesions may appear anywhere in the lungs and may differ in size, shape, density, and cavitation. These abnormalities may suggest TB, but cannot be used to definitively diagnose TB. However, a chest radiograph may be used to rule out the possibility of pulmonary TB in a person who has had a positive reaction to a TST or TB blood test and no symptoms of disease.  The presence of acid-fast-bacilli (AFB) on a sputum smear or other specimen often indicates TB disease. Acid-fast microscopy is easy and quick, but it does not confirm a diagnosis of TB because some acid-fast-bacilli are not M. tuberculosis. Therefore, a culture is done on all initial samples to confirm the diagnosis. (However, a positive culture is not always necessary to begin or continue treatment for TB.) A positive culture for M. tuberculosis confirms the diagnosis of TB disease. Culture examinations should be completed on all specimens, regardless of AFB smear results. For all patients, the initial M. tuberculosis isolate should be tested for drug resistance. It is crucial to identify drug resistance as early as possible to ensure effective treatment. Drug susceptibility patterns should be repeated for patients who do not respond adequately to treatment or who have positive culture results despite 3 months of therapy. Susceptibility results from laboratories should be promptly reported to the primary health care provider or local TB control program. The microbiological diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is an important tool for disease control. It consists of both conventional methods (acid-fast microscopy, culture,biochemical identification, anti-tuberculosis drug-susceptibility testing; DST) and modern molecular techniques (Xpert MTB/RIF, LPA). The targets of microbiological testing include the detection and isolation of mycobacteria, species identification, detection of drug resistance, monitoring patient responses to therapy providing laboratory consumables and other equipment to each of the microscopy centers. In a study to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of routine tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic work-up in lung clinics in Indonesia, between 2013 and 2015,  with 360 participants, with 21 excluded due to incomplete data, 115 were initially diagnosed with smear-positive TB, 12 with smear-negative TB, and 212 non-TB. In 15 study participants, the diagnosis was changed after median 45 (range: 14–870) days; 14 participants initially not diagnosed with TB were later diagnosed with TB, while one subject initially diagnosed with TB actually did not have TB. Compared with culture and CRS, TB routine examination had sensitivity of 85% and 90%, and specificity of 86.3% and 99.5%, respectively. \cite{Saktiawati_2019}In this paper, we will disucss the drawbacks and existing issues with the prevalent diagnostic systems for Tuberculosis in Nepal, and attempt to improve the diagnostic process for TB in Nepal by introducing a technologically advanced and affordable resolution in the form of a Deep Learning model that helps track and diagnose Tuberculosis in an efficient, sensitive and accurate manner.                                                                                       MethodsWe assembled the existing facts on the diagnostics of pulomnary Tuberculosis and extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis through the Center for Disease Control's manual for TB diagnostics. We also used the research on sensitivty, specificity and accuracy from various papers discussing and comparing sputum microscopies with CXRs or traditional medical diagnostic tools and performance of radiologists with Deep Learning systems and neural convolutional networks. To establish the usefulness of such Deep learning systems we used our prototype system to conduct an Image classfication test on an existing dataset of Chest Xrays for pulmonary Tuberculosis. The first dataset used for our analysis was the dataset created by the National Library of Medicine, Maryland, USA in collaboration with Shenzhen No.3 People’s Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China. There were 662 Chest X-ray images in PNG format in total, with 336 cases being infected with Tuberculosis and 326 being normal. The second dataset used for analysis was the from Montgomery County and was created by the National Library of Medicine in collaboration with the Department of Health and Human Services, Montgomery County, Maryland, USA. There were 138 Chest X-ray images in PNG format in total, with 58 cases being infected with Tuberculosis and 80 being normal. 

CRIATURAS  Ahuízotl o Ateponaztli: Un monstruo con forma de perro, manos de mono y con una larga cola que terminaba en una mano con la que ahogaba a los incautos. Habitante de Ríos y lagunas. Estaba al servicio de Tlaloc (Dios de la lluvia y el rayo), por lo que la víctima solo podía ser tocada por los sacerdotes luego de haber sido sacada del agua. Era símbolo de mala suerte y desgracia. En ocasiones el Ahuizotl lloraba como un niño atrayendo a quien se atreviese a ver de dónde procedía el sonido.  Cueyatl: eran horribles monstruos marinos que nacieron de la sangre y el odio de Cipactli hacia el humano, ya que, ella los culpaba por su mal estado. Eran monstruosas ranas con sangre y aliento venenoso que también era capaces de transformarse en una rana normal.  Xicalcóatl: serpiente con escamas negras al punto de parecer haber sido pulidas, tiene una jícara de hermosos colores en su espalda la cual hipnotiza a cualquiera que la vea.  Chaneque: los chaneques son criaturas mitológicas, entidades asociadas al inframundo cuya principal actividad es cuidar los montes y los animales silvestres. Se dice que son personas de aproximadamente un metro o metro veinte; tienen los pies al revés, el cuerpo deforme, poseen cola y carecen de la oreja izquierda, otros aseguran que son enanos con rostro de niños, y que adoran las travesuras. Amoxoaque: hombres y mujeres árbol que solían habitar en bosques como guardianes de los mismos, seres naturales que tenían la capacidad de convertir en árbol a todo aquel que haya destruido algún árbol como consecuencia.  Ganoko: Una raza de gigantes deformes habitantes de cuevas, solían violar a las mujeres y comerse a los niños.  Oxkokoltzec: Era una criatura gigantesca y deforme con brazos largos y delgados. Su fuerza era lo suficiente como para destrozar la carne de las personas con tan solo tocarlas.Ocelocolotl es un ser híbrido entre jaguar y alacrán. Un jaguar-guerrero humanoide con cola y tenazas de alacrán.Tlemóyotl, mosquitos de fuego que se hacían presentes en los montes.  Quatézcatl: Era un ave con un vistoso y hermoso plumaje de colores azul y blanco, también tenía un espejo en la cabeza donde se reflejaría el futuro de cualquiera que lo vea. Por lo general era representado del tamaño de una paloma (Aunque en ocasiones se le ilustraba de un tamaño mayor).  Maxiltiani: (en náhuatl: Maxiltialli, ‘sustituto‘) era una criatura encargada de castigar a las familias que hacían algo que ofendía a los dioses, normalmente el Maxiltiani jugaba con los niños inocentes ya que solo ellos lo pueden ver en su forma original, en algunas ocasiones los perdía o escondía para tomar su forma y así poder ser visible ante los ojos de todos. Según la leyenda, el primer Maxiltiani se hizo pasar por un dios siendo solo un criatura diseñada para el servicio de los dioses principales, por ello fue castigado por Itzpapálotl y condenado a no ser visible en su forma natural y solo ser visible una vez que robara una apariencia humana. Se dice que su apariencia real es muy espantosa su cuerpo está hecho con huesos internos y una piel muy dura que asemeja a un exoesqueleto, por eso suelen crujir cuando caminan o mueven su cuerpo, no puede durar mucho tiempo con una forma robada por lo que solo lo hacen cuando van a castigar a alguien por algún pecado cometido hacia los dioses. Tlacanexquimilli: Era un bulto de cenizas, un muerto amortajado, no tenía puestos los pies ni la cabeza, pues andan rodando por el suelo y emitiendo terribles gemidos que ponían los pelos de punta. Se creía que este espíritu era una ilusión de Tezcatlipoca. Aquel que tenía la desgracia de verlo, daba por seguro que pronto moriría, bien en la guerra, bien de enfermedad. Y tal era la magnitud del miedo que sentía que irremediablemente moría. HUMANOS Nahual: Un hechicero o una bruja con la habilidad de cambiar de forma.  Tlacatecólotl “Hombre búho”, dentro del folklore de los pueblos nahuas era un tipo muy temido de Nahualli, que presagiaba la muerte con tan solo su presencia, y entre otras cosas también era capaz de maldecir a cualquiera con tan solo verlo. Tlacacóyotl criatura mitad hombre y coyote que vivía en Cuacoyotécatl. Un tipo de nahualli identificado como los licántropos.  Tlahuelpuchi: (singular) o Tlahuelpochime (plural), son seres femeninos y masculinos que se alimentan de sangre que solían moverse a gran velocidad entre las cosechas y pastizales, seres antropomórficos consagrados a Tezcatlipoca, dios de la oscuridad, puesto que la oscuridad les embargaba a su paso, ya que luego de cansarse en sus vanas pesquisas, cesaban de hacerlas y se dirigían al bosque en forma de vapor que inducía al hombre.   Tlahuipuchtli, Su significado es "el sahumador luminoso." Fray Juan Bautista lo define como brujo que andaba de noche por las montañas echando fuego por la boca para espantar a sus enemigos, que enloquecían o morían a consecuencias del susto. Torquemada lo incluye entre los nahuales, que tenían propiedad de convertirse no sólo en animales, sino en fuegos. Por su parte, el autor del Códice Carolino, más racional, no cree en su existencia y estima que tales brujos no eran sino luciérnagas. Espaldilla: Mujer demoniaca de reducido tamaño y torcida figura que se aparecía en los basureros prehispánicos. Acosaba especialmente a quienes se aventuraban en las sombras a orinar. La espaldilla era velluda, deforme y tenía la cabellera hasta la cintura. Aparece y desaparece a su antojo.

Objective: To evaluate the auditory perception outcomes of cochlear implant (CI) in children with different types of inner ear malformations (IEMs) and to compare them with CI users with the normal cochlea. Design: Retrospective and prospective data collection. Settings: Tertiary referral hospital. Participants: There were 274 CI users with and without IEMs as two groups. Both groups’ chronological age at implantation and duration of cochlear implant usage was matched (±8 months). Main outcome measures: All subjects were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with Ling’s sound test and auditory perception test battery, which includes the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (MAIS), close-set Pattern Perception Test (PPT), and open-set Sentence Recognition Test (SRT). Also, children with IEMs were assessed for language development. Results: The incidence of IEMs were incomplete partition-II, 40 (29.19%), incomplete partition-I, 36 (26.2%), cochlear hypoplasia, 26 (18.9%), enlarged vestibular aqueduct, 14 (%10.2), incomplete partition-III, 10 (%7.2), common cavity, 8 (5.8%) and dilatation of vestibule, 3 (2.1%) patients. The significant difference was seen in Ling’s sound test and auditory perception test battery scores of children with incomplete partition-I, cochlear hypoplasia, and common cavity (p-value < .005). Conclusion: IEMs group showed different progress according to the type of ear anomaly. Although CI users with enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) had the highest scores, users with common cavity had the lowest scores. Taking these results, caused by anatomical differences, in to account is very critical in follow-ups and rehabilitation programs. Each cochlear implant user should be evaluated according to his/her individual needs.

Introduction These insects are found in the bathroom , especially in the toilet, this insect does not prefer to stay away from their places , different from the home fly several characteristics including: the existence of the colors in the wings and legs , as well as the presence of Longhorn sensor silver color . The shape also resembles the thyroid gland. And that was after days later of pouring of : HCL ( Conc ) with Aluminum Foild. Also stone meteorites with HCL . As well as from the fermentation of "Lawsonia inermis" paper solution where it has the smell similar to the smell of acetic acid.ClassificationSuborder: Nematocera .Antennae : two horns are silver color, 6 mm long.Shaped wing : the length of each wing about (6 mm) long, with many colors, such as a  Rhopalocera.Eyes : black eyes.Legs: Hexagonal legs.Aviation : Doesn't fly away from it's place.Size: smaller than a housefly.Description :Their bodies black grow about 5-6 mm long. They have black eyes with short distance between the eyes as wolf spider, and then diverge towards the sides of the head. They have one pair of colored wings as butterfly. There are also on the wings crystal rings appear to be more pronounced when rounded light of them.They have long horns ( Antennae) with gray hair , 6 mm long .They live and feed on the topsides from toilet , such as solts ingress of water. Their life cycle ranges from 4-6 days , the youngest of these insects many of movement as opposite adult insects , so they are more caused the disease in this period ( The second day of their appearance) . These youngest insects have brown color and then turns to black. These insect Reproduction every 4 days. But the young insects in constant motion as opposed adult insects. The second day of their appearance lies damage because they cause respiratory diseases. Also when you click on her body it crumbles quickly and transformed into soft material, such as those resulting from rubbing fingers together.

In his 2003 paper "Heritability and Indirect Causation",\cite{Sesardic_2003} philosopher Neven Sesardic criticizes those critics of behavior genetics who have taken aim at one argument in particular. Specifically, these critics have argued that the position that genes can affect phenotypes indirectly if this effect is mediated by environmental factors, and that such an effect can be validly interpreted as "genetic", is untenable. Sesardic makes it clear that he disagrees with these critics right in the abstract of his paper, in which he writes,This possibility of genetic effects being mediated by environmental influences is often used by scientists and philosophers to argue that heritability is not a very helpful causal or explanatory notion. In this paper it is shown that these criticisms are based on serious misconceptions about methods of behavior genetics.\cite{Sesardic_2003}But are they really? That is what I will try to answer in this paper.First, I will note that Sesardic's paper focuses on an argument used by critics of behavior genetics to argue against the validity of interpreting heritability estimates as reflecting anything "genetic", at least in the sense that almost everyone understands the definition of the word "genetic". Sesardic starts his paper (the body, not the abstract) by focusing on a thought experiment originally described by Christopher Jencks.\cite{christopher1972} Here is how Sesardic summarizes this thought experiment: "Imagine that red‐haired children are for some reason singled out for abuse and are frequently hit on the head by parents and teachers. As a result they get a lower IQ on average than other children." The idea behind this thought experiment is that, if this scenario were true, you could argue that the lower IQs of red-haired children are "genetic". The logic goes like this: the red hair of these children is strongly genetically controlled, and thus the responses of other people to this genetic trait, including hitting people on the head, should also count as "genetic". Because it is hitting children on the head in this thought experiment that causes them to have lower IQs, according to this argument, the lower average IQs of red-haired children can reasonably be said to be genetic. To those making this argument, the lower IQs of said children could be said to be due to environmentally mediated genetic effects, that is, to environmental influences to which the children were exposed only because of the genetic trait of their red hair. Hereafter, I will refer to the argument that, in the context of this thought experiment, the lower average IQs of red-haired children are "genetic" as argument A. There are other formulations of this argument that I will also consider to be examples of argument A: fundamentally, it encompasses any situation in which an individual is treated differently by others on the basis of a genetic trait, which could be not merely hair color but skin color or biological sex. Hence, argument A would also hold that sex discrimination is "genetic" insofar as it is indirectly caused by the genetic trait of having two X chromosomes, and racial discrimination is also "genetic" insofar as it is indirectly caused by the genetic trait of having darker-colored skin. More fundamentally, this can be stated as: both genes -> traits and genes -> X -> traits qualify as examples of a causal genetic effect for a trait, no matter what X is, and in particular if X is some environmental factor.Sesardic notes that identical or very similar versions of this thought experiment are used by a number of other philosophers and social scientists in arguing that heritability estimates of a trait do not, in fact, represent the extent to which variation in that trait is "genetic" in any meaningful sense of the word. The specific way in which critics of behavior genetics will make this argument is by asserting that argument A is invalid, and that because heritability analyses assume that argument A is valid in attributing environmental effects that are responses to genetic traits as themselves genetic, then heritability analyses are also invalid insofar as they purport to shed light on the degree of "genetic" variation in a given trait. This is because even if heritability is higher than zero, it only means that a nonzero proportion of total variance is genetically caused, but this may be the result of a highly indirect process in which one or more environmental factors plays a much more proximate and obvious role. In other words, critics make the following argument: because argument A is untenable, heritability analyses are uninformative about genetic causation. I will refer to this argument as argument B.As an example of argument B, Sesardic quotes Jencks as saying the following: "If, for example, a nation refuses to send children with red hair to school, the genes that cause red hair can be said to lower reading scores…. Attributing redheads' illiteracy to their genes would probably strike most readers as absurd under these circumstances. Yet that is precisely what traditional methods of estimating heritability do. If an individual's genotype affects his environment, for whatever rational or irrational reason, and if this in turn affects his cognitive development, conventional methods of estimating heritability attribute the entire effect to genes and none to environment." Sesardic summarizes the conclusion of argument B as follows: "Heritability estimates, whatever their magnitude, are never by themselves evidence that genes play an important explanatory role simply because even variation that is 100 percent heritable (i.e., ultimately due to genetic differences) may well be 100 percent proximately explained by much more relevant environmental differences." On its face, it seems absurd to claim that a human trait whose average value in a group is wholly due to how that group is treated by other people is "genetic" at all, let alone completely genetic and not environmental at all. In fact, Jencks himself uses the word "absurd" to describe the redhead example he outlined in his 1972 book in which this argument originates. Interestingly, Sesardic agrees with Jencks only with regard to the specific type of situation Jencks outlined in his original thought experiment. Sesardic then tries to draw a distinction between different types of gene-environment correlation (also written as G-E correlation), which is generally when variation in a given gene is statistically related to variation in a given environmental characteristic. This distinction was originally outlined by Plomin et al. (1977), who argued that G-E correlation can be divided into three types: passive, reactive, and active.\cite{Plomin_1977} Plomin et al. (1977, p. 310) define the three types of G-E correlation as follows:Passive G-E correlation "is one in which parents give their children both genes and an environment that are favorable (or unfavorable) for the development of a trait".Reactive (sometimes called "evocative")\cite{Jaffee2008} G-E correlation occurs when "people...react differently to persons of different genotypes" (note also that reactive correlation "differs from the passive type in that it is not limited to environments provided by relatives").Active G-E correlation "occurs as a result of the fact that a child is not merely the passive recipient of his environment. Rather, he contributes to his own environment and may actively seek one related to his genetic propensities."\cite{Plomin_1977} Sesardic then attempts to make the following points:Jencks is correct that argument A is wrong. Specifically, Sesardic identifies argument A as an example of reactive G-E correlation, and argues that behavior geneticists correctly avoid interpreting such correlation as genetic. Sesardic emphasizes the distinction between active and reactive G-E correlation as follows: "In the case of active G‐E correlation, the environments that lead to a phenotypic difference are selected by subjects themselves, whereas in reactive correlation they are imposed by others." It may, in fact, be valid for behavior geneticists to interpret active G-E correlation as genetic when conducting heritability analyses. Furthermore, behavior geneticists do, in fact, sometimes interpret active G-E correlation in this way. As Sesardic writes, "...the influences of those environments that are chosen on the basis of genotype are typically difficult to keep apart from the influence of genotype itself...Therefore, phenotypic effects of such environments are indeed sometimes classified as heritable, on the grounds that they are practically inseparable from direct genetic effects and that they merely represent the self‐realization of genotype." Argument A is not actually made by any behavior geneticists, who apparently all recognize that active G-E correlation can be interpreted as genetically caused, whereas reactive G-E correlation cannot. Specifically, Sesardic writes, "...I am unaware that any serious scholar ever defended the idea that the indirect effects of Jencks‐type scenarios should be treated as heritable." He argues that "the leading authority in the field" of behavior genetics [referring to John L. Fuller] has explicitly argued against Argument A, and criticizes Jencks and other scholars for either failing to give examples of behavior geneticists using argument A or for quoting the examples they do give out of context.He tries to make it clear that he does not mean to say that active G-E correlation should always be considered genetic or that reactive G-E correlation should always be considered environmental: "my claim is that G-E covariance is in the first place a source of variance that is sui generis and, as such, distinct from either the genetic or the environmental component of phenotypic variance (because G-E covariance involves both genetic and environmental influences)."In short, Sesardic argues that to interpret the effects of environmental influences to which an individual is exposed as a result of the actions of other individuals, even if these actions are themselves influenced by a genetic trait of the first individual, as genetic is both incorrect and never actually done in the field of behavior genetics. However, some behavior geneticists do, in fact, make an argument that appears to be, in some cases, identical to this argument. Specifically, a common argument in defense of the most common research design in behavior genetics, the classical twin study, holds that MZ twins experience more similar environments than do DZ twins because of the greater genetic similarity between MZ than DZ twins. This specific argument is used to rebut critics of classical twin studies who point out that such studies depend on the equal environments assumption, which holds that MZ twins' shared environmental variance is equally similar as is that of DZ twins. Hence, any effects resulting from the more similar shared environments of MZ than DZ twins is interpreted as genetic.\cite{jay2013} Though Joseph refers to this argument as "Argument A", I will refer to it as "Argument C" to avoid confusing it with the A or B arguments I have defined earlier in this paper. Argument C holds that this greater genetic similarity leads to a) MZ twins creating or seeking out more similar environments for themselves than do DZ twins and/or b) MZ twins experiencing more similar treatment from others compared to DZ twins. The reason I did not state earlier that behavior geneticists making Argument C are necessarily making the very argument Sesardic claims that they never make (at least to his knowledge) is that a) is clearly equivalent to active G-E correlation as defined by Sesardic. As such, interpreting a) as the result of genetic factors, as those making this argument do when they talk only about MZ twins creating environments based on their own behaviors, is valid, according to Sesardic. But making Argument C including point b) that I defined above to defend counting MZ twins' environmental influences as genetic is not valid, as Sesardic acknowledges. The crucial point I wish to make is that, while Sesardic may not be aware of any behavior geneticists having argued that indirect effects resulting from the actions of others--i.e. from external or imposed factors--should be interpreted as genetic, some behavior geneticists have made this argument. Specifically, some of these researchers have invoked point b) in their specific variations of Argument C in defending twin studies, and it is clear from reading how these arguments have been made that they are making the same point as Argument A. Below I will highlight some examples of behavior geneticists arguing in favor of Argument A in the context of classical twin studies.One relatively blatant example, highlighted by Joseph, comes from Sturgis et al., who wrote the following in a 2010 study: "If MZ twins are treated more similarly because they are biologically more alike, this can hardly be considered a violation of the EEA. For the reason that MZ environments are more similar than DZ environments (if indeed they are) is because of the initial difference in genetic predispositions."\cite{Sturgis_2009} (Emphasis in original) https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/377384https://www.jstor.org/stable/20446699https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123708779001079

Today, science & R&D social media channels have become just as cluttered as retail consumer channels. Just one of the many ways trying to get the word out on your research paper has come to parallel digital and online marketing. Scientists must now communicate the main points of their research engagingly, on top of effectively, if they hope to reface to the top (or at least get a social share). According to Buffer, VISUAL CONTENT IS MORE THAN 40X MORE LIKELY TO GET SHARED ON SOCIAL MEDIA THAN OTHER TYPES OF CONTENT. In fact, INFOGRAPHICS ARE LIKED AND SHARED ON SOCIAL MEDIA 3X MORE THAN OTHER ANY OTHER TYPE OF CONTENT. (MassPlanner) Authorea encourages the inclusion of data visualization in articles because its interactive element improves article visibility. Click here to read about How the Scientific Community Reacts to Newly Submitted Preprints. Here is some more convincing (in case you needed it), as well as a few of our favorite papers that take advantage of interactive figures and sites that have drawn lots of traffic due to sharing of its data visualization.

O  Bisfenol A  (BPA) é um composto aromático largamente utilizado na produção industrial de artigos plásticos. A sua presença em objetos usados no quotidiano, como latas de comida ou garrafas de água, tem gerado preocupação nos últimos anos, pois, sob determinadas condições, este pode ser libertado para o meio e entrar no organismo. Este composto é considerado um disruptor endócrino, uma vez que, dada a sua semelhança estrutural, é capaz de mimetizar as ações do estrogénio no organismo. Diversos estudos baseados em modelos animais e culturas celulares têm vindo a relatar as suas propriedades carcinogénicas ao nível do cancro da mama, esta que é a neoplasia mais frequente em mulheres, afetando mais de dois milhões mundialmente. Os mecanismos pelos quais o BPA está envolvido na tumorogénese podem ser exercidos através de alterações epigenéticas e modificação de vias celulares, provocando efeitos nas células estaminais presentes na glândula mamária, bem como alterações histológicas na mesma. De entre os seus efeitos, destacam-se o aumento da proliferação celular, diminuição da expressão de proteínas de adesão, alteração da expressão de genes que codificam reguladores do ciclo celular ou supressores de tumor e a promoção da invasão e metastização. Conjuntamente, as alterações decorrentes da exposição ao BPA aumentam o risco de desenvolvimento de cancro da mama. Embora muitos mecanismos ainda não estejam compreendidos, com este artigo pretende-se combinar os conhecimentos atuais acerca do modo como o BPA  influencia o processo carcinogénico do cancro da mama, através da sua ação no recetor de estrogénio.  

Biometric signal processing has many of its applications in health care, rehabilitation research, and security systems. Nonetheless, over the last couple of decades, the biometric signal has encountered a new niche in educational research. In this work, the development of an eye-tracking device intended to be used for educational monitoring tasks is presented and learning studies. The device is based on the Electrooculography technique in contrast to the most common approaches that are based on image processing and computer vision devices and techniques. The proposed eye tracking device makes use of machine learning algorithms to detect the movements of the user's eye and in this way serve as a way of monitoring the cognitive activities of subjects or students. Moreover, a brief analysis of the cognitive skills related to the learning process of students that can be measure with the proposed system is presented. Also, a general comparison of other systems available in the current literature is made to compare the capabilities and areas of opportunity of the presented system. It is concluded that the device can recognize basic eye movements that can monitor basic cognitive behaviors like reading, writing, copying, or watching multimedia content through electronic devices.  With further development and the generation of study cases, the eye-tracking system can be enhanced for further research related to the educational field. 

Negli ultimi tempi, soprattutto in seguito alla diffusione del Covid-19, si  è affermata l'importanza del trattamento terziario delle acque reflue a causa della persistenza dei prodotti farmaceutici e dei virus nelle acque anche dopo i trattamenti. Una possibile soluzione  per il risanamento delle acque reflue potrebbe essere l’applicazione della sonolisi, uno dei processi avanzati di ossidazione. La sonolisi è una scissione molecolare generata dall'energia prodotta dagli ultrasuoni, che hanno lo scopo di decontaminare le acque da inquinanti chimici tramite l'induzione di fenomeni cavitativi.In letteratura è dimostrata l'efficienza di questo trattamento terziario su singoli prodotti farmaceutici, ma mancano totalmente studi  riguardo l'efficacia su miscele.Al fine di ottenere i migliori risultati, si è studiato come il processo ad ultrasuoni agisca sulla degradazione di prodotti farmaceutici in singole soluzioni o in miscele addizionate nelle acque reflue urbane, al variare della densità di potenza, della concentrazione iniziale del substrato, del pH della soluzione iniziale e con l’insufflaggio d’aria.È stato scoperto che la conversione di prodotti farmaceutici è migliorata con la maggiore densità di potenza applicata, in condizioni acide e in presenza di aria disciolta.