Literature Cited
Abrams, P. A. 1984. Foraging time optimization and interactions in food
webs. The American Naturalist 124:80-96.
Abrams, P. A., and M. Vos. 2003. Adaptation, density dependence and the
responses of trophic level abundances to mortality. Evolutionary Ecology
Research 5:1113–1132.
Agrawal, A. A. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and
evolution of species. Science 294: 321-326.
Abrams, P. A. 2010. Implications of flexible foraging for interspecific
interactions: Lessons from simple models. Functional Ecology24:7-17.
Bolker, B. M., M. Holyoak, V. Křivan, L. Rowe, and O. Schmitz . 2003.
Connecting theoretical and empirical studies of trait-mediated
interactions. Ecology 84: 1101–1114.
Bremigan, M. T., and R. A. Stein. 1994. Gape-dependent larval foraging
and zooplankton size: implications for fish recruitment across systems.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51:913–922
Brown, J. S. 1988. Patch use as an indicator of habitat preference,
predation risk and competition. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
22:37-47.
Burns, C. W., and J. J. Gilbert. 1993. Predation on ciliates by
freshwater calanoid copepods: rates of predation and relative
vulnerabilities of prey. Freshwater Biology 30:377-393.
Chase, J. M. 2003. Community assembly: when should history matter?
Oecologia 136:489–498.
Clarke, K. R. 1993. Non-parametric multivariate analysis of changes in
community structure. Australian Journal Ecology 18: 117-143.
Creel, S., and S. Christianson. 2008. Relationships between direct
predation and risk effects. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23:194-201.
Dawidowcz, P., and M. Wielanier. 2004. Costs of predator avoidance
reduce competitive ability of Daphnia . Hydrobiologia 526:165-169.
Dewey, M.R., W. B. Richardson, and S. J. Zigler. 1997. Patterns of
foraging and distribution of bluegill sunfish in a Mississippi River
backwater: influence of macrophytes and predation. Ecology of Freshwater
Fish 6: 8-15.
Diel, P., M. Kiene, D. Martin-Creuzburg, and C. Laforsch. 2020. Knowing
the Enemy: Inducible Defences in Freshwater Zooplankton. Diversity
12:147
Donelan, S. C., J. H. Grabowski, and G. C. Trussell. 2017. Refuge
quality impacts the strength of nonconsumptive effects on prey. Ecology
98:403-411.
Drake, J. A. 1991. Community-Assembly Mechanics and the Structure of an
Experimental Species Ensemble. The American Naturalist 137: 1-26.
Faith, D. P., P. R. Minchin, and L. Belbin. 1987. Compositional
dissimilarity as a robust measure of ecological distance. Vegetatio 69:
57-68.
Hall, D. J., W. E. Cooper, and E. E. Werner. 1970. An experimental
approach to the production dynamics and structure of freshwater animal
communities. Limnology and Oceanography 15: 839-928.
Heithaus, M., A. Frid, A. Wirsing, and B. Worm. 2008. Predicting
ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. Trends in
Ecology and Evolution 11:69-73.
Hoverman, J. T. and R. A. Relyea. 2012. The long-term impacts of
predators on prey: inducible defenses, population dynamics, and indirect
effects. Oikos 121: 1219-1230
Keast, A. 1985. Planktivory in a littoral-dwelling lake fish
association: prey selection and seasonality. Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42: 1114-1126.
Lass, S., and P. Spaak. 2003. Chemically induced anti-predator defences
in plankton: a review. Hydrobiologia 491:221-239.
Lima, S. L. 1998a. Stress and decision making under the risk of
predation: Recent developments from behavioral, reproductive, and
ecological perspectives. Adv Stud Behav 27:215-290.
Lima, S. L. 1998b. Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator-prey
interactions – What are the ecological effects of anti-predator
decision-making? Bioscience 48:25-34.
Lima, S. L., and L. M. Dill. 1990. Behavioral decisions made under the
risk of predation: A review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology
68:619-640.
Luttbeg, B., L. Rowe, and M. Mangel. 2003. Prey state and experimental
design affect relative size of trait- and density-mediated indirect
effects. Ecology 84: 1140-1150.
McArdle, B. H. and M. J. Anderson. 2001. Fitting multivariate models to
community data: A comment on distance-based redundancy analysis. Ecology
82: 290–297.
Nelson, E. H. 2007. Predator avoidance behavior in the pea aphid: costs,
frequency, and population consequences. Oecologia 151: 22-32.
Ohgushi, T., O. J. Schmitz, and R. D. Holt. 2012. Trait‐mediated
indirect interactions: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives.
Cambridge University Press, New York, USA.
Peacor, S. D. 2002. Positive effect of predator on prey growth rate
through induced modifications of prey behaviour. Ecology Letters 5:
77-85.
Peacor, S. D., B. T. Barton, D. L. Kimbro, and A. Sih. 2020. A framework
and standardized terminology to facilitate the study of predation-risk
effects. Ecology 101:e03152
Peacor, S.D. and C. E. Cressler. 2012. The implications of adaptive prey
behavior for ecological communities: a review of current theory. In
Trait‐mediated indirect interactions: Ecological and evolutionary
perspectives (Ohgushi, Schmitz, and Holt, eds.). Cambridge University
Press, New York, USA.
Peacor, S.D., K. L. Pangle, L. Schiesari, and E. E. Werner. 2012.
Scaling-up anti-predator phenotypic responses of prey: impacts over
multiple generations in a complex aquatic community. Proceedings of the
Royal Society B 279:122-128.
Peacor, S. D., B. L. Peckarsky, G. C. Trussell, and J. R. Vonesh. 2013.
Costs of predator-induced phenotypic plasticity: a graphical model for
predicting the contribution of nonconsumptive and consumptive effects of
predators on prey. Oecologia 171:1-10.
Peacor, S. D., and E. E. Werner. 2004. Context dependence of nonlethal
effects of a predator on prey growth. Israel Journal of Zoology
50:139-167.
Peacor, S. D., N. J. Dorn, J. A. Smith, N. E. Peckham, M.J. Cherry, M.
J. Sheriff, and D. L. Kimbro. 2022. A skewed literature: few studies
evaluate the contribution of predation-risk effects to natural field
patterns. Ecology Letters 25:2048-2061.
Peckarsky, B. L., D. I. Bolnick, L. M. Dill, J. H. Grabowski, B. L.
Luttbeg, J. L. Orrock, S. D. Peacor, E. L. Preisser, O. L. Schmitz, G.
C. Trussell. 2008. Rewriting the Textbooks: Considering non-consumptive
effects in classic studies of predator-prey interactions. Ecology
89:2416-2425.
Pecor, K., T. Sarris, J. Shaffer and E. Thom. 2016. Responses to injured
conspecifics and heterospecifics by water fleas, Chydorus sphaericus.
Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 49:415-419.
Persson, L., and A. M. De Roos. 2003. Adaptive habitat use in
size-structured populations: linking individual behavior to population
processes. Ecology 84:1129-1139.
Preisser, E. L., D. I. Bolnick, and M. F. Benard. 2005. Scared to death:
the effects of intimidation and consumption in predator-prey
interactions. Ecology 86: 501-509.
Rafalski, A. V., *K. L. Pangle and S. D. Peacor. 2023. Higher predation
rate need not and did not lead to higher risk-induced trait responses in
related zooplankton species. Oikos , e09791.
Relyea, R. A. 2000. Trait-mediated indirect effects in larval anurans:
reversing competition with the threat of predation. Ecology
81:2278-2289.
Rettig, J., and G. G. Mittelbach. 2002. Interactions between adult and
larval bluegill sunfish:
positive and negative effects. Oecologia 130:222-230.
Say-Sallaz, E., S. Chamaillé-Jammes, H. Fritz, and M. Valeix. 2019.
Non-consumptive effects of predation in large terrestrial mammals:
mapping our knowledge and revealing the tip of the iceberg. Biological
Conservation 235: 36–52.
Schmitz, O. J., V. Krivan, and O. Ovadia. 2004. Trophic cascades: the
primacy of trait-mediated indirect interactions. Ecology Letters
7:153-163.
Sheriff, M. J., S. D. Peacor, D. Halena, and M. Thaker. 2020.
Non-consumptive predator effects on prey population size: a dearth of
evidence. Journal of Animal Ecology 89:1302-1316.
Sih, A., G. Enlund, and D. Wooster. 1998. Emergent impacts of multiple
predators on prey. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:350-355.
Thaker, M., A. T. Vanak, C. Owen, M. Ogden, S. Neimann, and R. Slotow.
2011. Minimizing predation risk in a landscape of multiple predators:
effects on the spatial distribution of African ungulates. Ecology 92:
398-407.
Tollrian, R., S. Duggen, L. C. Weiss, C. Laforsch, and M. Kopp. 2015.
Density-dependent adjustment of inducible defences. Scientific Reports
5: 12736.
Turner, A. M. 2004. Non-lethal effects of predators on prey growth rates
depend on prey density and nutrient additions. Oikos 104:561-569.
Turner, A. M., and M. F. Chislock. 2010. Blinded by the stink: nutrient
enrichment impairs the perception of predation risk by freshwater
snails. Ecological Applications 20: 2089-2095.
Werner, E. E., and S. D. Peacor. 2003. A review of trait-mediated
indirect interactions in ecological communities. Ecology 84: 1083-1100.
Werner, E. E., and S. D. Peacor. 2006. Interaction of lethal and
non-lethal effects of a predator on a guild of herbivores mediated by
system productivity. Ecology 87:347-361.
Wirsing, A.J., M. R. Heithaus, J. S. Brown, B. P. Kotler, and O. J.
Schmitz. 2020. The context dependence of non-consumptive predator
effects. Ecology Letters, 24, 113–129.