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\begin{document}

\title{On the Coupling of Intracellular K + to Glycolytic Oscillations in Yeast}



\author[1]{Lars Olsen}%
\author[1]{Anita Lunding}%
\affil[1]{Syddansk Universitet}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 10, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
We have investigated the interplay between glycolytic oscillations and
intracellular K \textsuperscript{+} concentration in the yeast \emph{S.
cerevisiae}. Intracellular K \textsuperscript{+} concentration was
measured using the fluorophore PBFI. We found that K \textsuperscript{+}
is an essential ion for the occurrence of glycolytic oscillations and
that intracellular K \textsuperscript{+} concentration oscillates
synchronously with other variables such as NADH, intracellular ATP and
mitochondrial membrane potential. We also investigated if glycolysis and
intracellular K \textsuperscript{+} concentration oscillate in a number
of yeast strains with mutations in K \textsuperscript{+} transporters in
the plasma membrane, mitochondrial membrane and in the vacuolar
membrane. Most of these strains are still capable of showing glycolytic
oscillations, but two strains are not: (i) a strain with a deletion in
the mitochondrial Mdm38p K \textsuperscript{+}/H \textsuperscript{+}
transporter and (ii) a strain with deletion of the late endosomal Nhx1p
K \textsuperscript{+}/H \textsuperscript{+} (Na \textsuperscript{+}/H
\textsuperscript{+}) transporter. In these two mutant strains
intracellular K \textsuperscript{+} concentration seems to be low,
indicating that the two transporters may be involved in transport of K
\textsuperscript{+} into the cytosol. In the strain Mdm38p \selectlanguage{greek}\emph{Δ}
\selectlanguage{english}oscillations in glycolysis could be restored by addition of the K
\textsuperscript{+}/H \textsuperscript{+} exchange ionophore nigericin.
Furthermore, in two non-oscillating mutant strain with a defective
V-ATPase and deletion of the Arp1p protein the intracellular K
\textsuperscript{+} is relatively high, suggesting that the V-ATPase is
essential for transport of K \textsuperscript{+} out of the cytosol and
that the cytoskeleton may be involved in binding K \textsuperscript{+}
to reduce the concentration of free ion in the cytosol. Analyses of the
time series of oscillations of NADH, ATP, mitochondrial membrane
potential and potassium concentration using data-driven modeling
corroborate the conjecture that K \textsuperscript{+} ion is essential
for the emergence of oscillations and support the experimental findings
using mutant strains.%
\end{abstract}%



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