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\begin{document}

\title{Vertically resolved analysis of the Madden-Julian Oscillation highlights the role of convective transport of moist static energy}



\author[1]{Da Yang}%
\author[1]{Lin Yao}%
\author[2]{Walter Hannah}%
\affil[1]{Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago}%
\affil[2]{Atmospheric, Earth and Energy Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}%


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  \date{June 16, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
We simulate the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) over an aquaplanet with
uniform surface temperature using the multiscale modeling framework
(MMF) configuration of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model
(E3SM-MMF). The model produces MJO-like features that have a similar
spatial structure and propagation behavior to the observed MJO. To
explore the processes involved in the propagation and maintenance of
these MJO-like features, we perform a vertically resolved moist static
energy (MSE) analysis for the MJO. Unlike the column-integrated MSE
analysis, our method emphasizes the local production of MSE variance and
quantifies how individual physical processes amplify and propagate the
MJO's characteristic vertical structure. We find that radiation,
convection, and boundary layer processes all contribute to maintaining
the MJO, balanced by the large-scale MSE transport. Furthermore,
large-scale dynamics, convection, and boundary layer processes all
contribute to the propagation of the MJO, while radiation slows the
propagation. Additionally, we perform mechanism-denial experiments to
examine the role of radiation and associated feedbacks in simulating the
MJO. We find that the MJO can still self-emerge and maintain its
characteristic structures without radiative feedbacks. This study
highlights the role of convective MSE transport in the MJO dynamics,
which was overlooked in the column-integrated MSE analysis.%
\end{abstract}%



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